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“Dificuldades de aprendizagem”: uma análise a partir da Teoria Histórico-Cultural
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2021-08-03) Agostinho, Michele Yenara; Mello, Maria Aparecida; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8338726751746542; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4801305924535812
This theoretical research aimed to explain and analyze the conceptual bases of the Cultural-Historical Theory that allow to present a historical-dialectical materialistic explanation for what has been spread in the educational context as "learning difficulties", contrasting the hegemonic conceptions based on a biologizing and individualizing bias. This study was configured as theoretical, theoretically-methodologically based in the Cultural-Historical Theory which its premise understands the human being as a historical, social and cultural being and that the psychological constitution is established from the inseparability of the relationship of the individual with his social reality. The nature and sources of the research data were established as bibliographic, drawing on Vygotski’s “Obras Escogidas” as its primary textbook reference, focusing on Tomos III and V. The methodological procedures were based on the bibliographies recognition reading, pertinent information location to the research topic, bibliographies choices closer to the object of this study, carrying out critical readings, seeking information used for the conceptual deepening and realization of integrative synthesis presenting the investigation process product. The results showed that by undertaking a genetic analysis on the problem of so-called "learning difficulties", from its historical reconstruction, it is possible to highlight the causal dynamic links that are at the origin of this phenomenon and, finally, to understand it in its entirety. Among the conceptions that are at the essence of this phenomenon, we have the relationship established between the processes of teaching, learning and development that, in the hegemonic view, start from premises that, inadvertently, fall into biological determinism. The Cultural-Historical Theory, in turn, by offering a materialistic historical-dialectical interpretation for such processes, allows to reverse the logic of analysis by which the problem of “learning difficulties” is regarded. Concerning the results, we highlight four Cultural-Historical Theory fundamental propositions that allow us to build another theoretical interpretation to the phenomenon of “learning difficulties:” 1)The concept of a human being as a socio-historical being, 2) The social-nature of the development of the superior psychological functions, 3) The dialectic relationship between learning and development, 4) The method of the analysis of the phenomenon through the Cultural-Historical Theory. Thus, by offering another theoretical interpretation for this phenomenon, the Cultural-Historical Theory allows to demystify the view that blames students and their families for school difficulties and, consequently, collaborates to the proposition of more effective pedagogical practices to overcome this problem, we highlight that: 1) Teaching must be planned to encompass the students’ concept of proximal development zone to the content to be learned; 2) Assessment of learning and development are vital to the process of educational planning, 3) The Cultural-Historical Theory presumptions allow the teachers to change their perspectives about what would be perceived as “student limitations” into a transforming learning power. Finally, we consider that this study presented only an initial analysis on the possible relations between the Cultural-Historical Theory and the problems encountered during the schooling process, among them what the literature has identified under the terminology “learning difficulties”, and that more studies on this topic are necessary, from theoretical approaches committed to the educational institutions, education itself and society transformation.
Planejamento de cadeias globais farmacêuticas incorporando análise financeira
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2021-08-03) Arruda, Pierre Martines de; Toso, Eli Angela Vitor; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6663631731115739; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9361088653698578
In the last decades, the pharmaceutical industry has been going through an internationalization process of its operations. Due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the planning of global pharmaceutical companies was directly affected in the search for an immunizing agent. In this context, the complexity of the supply chain increases, as economic and financial aspects influence the planning of the physical configuration of these networks. To date, the literature on optimization models for global supply chains, specifically for pharmaceutical production, does not incorporate financial feasibility issues in planning. In this way, this dissertation proposes to develop an optimization model for the global supply chain planning problem of a pharmaceutical industry incorporating financial indicators, mainly of investment viability. The model incorporates: (i) the net present value (NPV) in the objective function; (ii) the possibility of using equity or raising funds through loans and financing to open plants and distribution centers; (iii) the incorporation of compound interest in the calculation of financial expenses and; (iv) the alternative of investing the company's equity in the financial market. The problem addressed involves strategic decisions such as number, and location of secondary plants and distribution centers to meet the demand of the final markets, as well as the flow of products in the network. The model is tested with data based on two pharmaceutical companies with global operations that are producing vaccines for the Sars-CoV-2 virus. The results generated by the model were adequate, the following characteristics: the production of vaccines presented positive NPV, the financial analysis shows the high return on investments, and the opening of distribution centers (DCs) were outsourced. The contribution of this work is the incorporation of little-used financial aspects in global supply chain planning problems, allowing managers to make a better strategic decision based on the interconnection between operational management and corporate finance.