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Intermittent drying and draft tube design for spouted bed
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2021-12-08) Brito, Ronaldo Correia de; Béttega, Rodrigo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1379682125857376; Freire, José Teixeira; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2270677706718167; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4116279102099351
The conventional spouted bed has presented several limitations that restrict the use on an industrial scale. Thus, studies of different methodologies and configurations have been performed to overcome such limitations. Limited processing capacity (scaling-up) and energy issues are some of the main problems considered from an industrial point of view. Alternatives as a heat recovery system lost in the exhaust air, intermittent drying, and draft tube can be promising and have not been explored in the spouted bed. Therefore, the main objective of this Ph.D. thesis is to design a spouted bed with a heat recovery system lost in the exhaust air, coupling the methodology of the intermittency and the use of the draft tube. Two types of intermittency (reduction and total interruption of the air flow) and five different intermittency profiles have been evaluated, including the use of time-variant intermittency ratios. Alumina, soybean, and barley have been used as particulate materials. Regarding the internal devices, three different configurations have been employed: without, nonporous, and open-sided. Based on particle image velocimetry (PTV), a new draft tube is designed for the equipment proposed, i.e., a spouted bed with a heat recovery system built according to the results obtained and the design criteria of our research group. Thus, the current Ph.D. thesis contributed to obtain energy-efficient equipment with suitable and feasible characteristics for industrial applications.
Da oferta da educação infantil em tempo integral à integralidade na educação: um estudo sobre o município de São Carlos/SP
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2021-12-08) Yabuki, Michele; Tomazzetti, Cleonice Maria; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4821077407620769; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5135310705989815
We aim to present in this work the trajectory of Full-time Early Childhood Education and how this education modality has been configured historically and politically in the municipality of São Carlos, through bibliographic research revising authors whose works concern its development at national and municipal levels. We seek to analyze how the theme of Early Childhood Education has been presented in academic productions and for that we resort to the State of the Question as the first method. To outline the legal norms of Full-time Education that seek Integral Education and the concepts that surround these themes, we resort to bibliographic research as a second method and we come to the conclusion that the two concepts together are destined to offer a public quality policy that is based on children's rights to education. Finally, to search for the paths traced by the municipality of São Carlos in relation to the provision of Early Childhood Education, we used documentary research in the municipality's Education Department as a method. Research has shown that it is not enough just to offer full-time early childhood education, increasing the time the child stays in school, but to offer an integral and quality education, designed for that time. As a result, we found statistical data from the municipality that demonstrate a development in the quest to achieve the goals established in official municipal and national documents in relation to full-time Early Childhood Education, but as it was found during the studies, the municipality still needs to make the effort to provide a Full-Time Integral Education.
Avaliação da influência de parâmetros físico-químicos na concentração de composto químico em snack frito: emprego de ferramentas quimiométricas e estatística
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2021-12-08) Ragazi, Gabriel Bernardes Cabreira; Pereira Filho, Edenir Rodrigues; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3394181280355442; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5790556039838615
PepsiCo presents an extensive product portfolio, and it is one of the world's leading food companies. Among its segments, the Salty Snacks category is one of the most important to the company, featuring global brands such as Lays, Cheetos, Ruffles and Doritos. Snacks are a popular form of meal among consumers and provide convenience, besides they are easily accessible and satisfy short-term hunger. Therefore, they meet the demand of the urbanized world where agility has been increasingly desired. The consolidation of PepsiCo in the market comes from several factors, one of them is the guarantee of always offering a quality product. Therefore, the company always seeks to understand how each parameter and characteristic of the raw materials used in the production process can impact the products that the consumers will receive. In this thesis, it was evaluated the correlation of total solids content with the concentrations of a certain chemical compound (confidential) in a fried snack. In addition, different parts of the chip of this snack were evaluated to verify in which of them the concentration of the chemical compound was more pronounced. The use of chemometrics in this evaluation allowed the observation of the effects of variables and interactions between them, being important to understand the processes that were being monitored. With the use of statistical and chemometric tools, such as t test, Tukey test and PCA, it could be verified that higher levels of total solids in the studied raw material tend to present a higher concentration of the chemical compound X in the fried snack, while the part A (extremities) of the chip has a higher concentration of the compound. In addition, part A is significantly different from the other studied parts (B, C and D), both when the raw material has high and low total solids. As parts B, C and D do not show significant difference between them, considering that part D represents the entire chip, it could be observed that even part A presenting high concentrations of compound X, its impact is not significant on the final product.
Controle policromático de luz aplicado à produção de microalgas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2021-12-08) Guedes, Vanessa Campos; Lombardi, Ana Teresa; Cerri, Marcel Otavio; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6737850858443813; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7999741482353508; Horta, Antonio Carlos Luperni; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5923938048634505; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1166852204771284
Microalgae have drawn the attention of the biotechnology industry for being natural synthesizers of high added value products such as β-carotene, astaxanthin, lutein, docosahexaenoic acid, proteins, and pigments. However, its biotechnological exploration is far behind when compared to the use of yeasts and bacteria. The main technological challenge that needs to be overcome is light attenuation, which provides these microorganisms with an inhomogeneous light environment, implying non-optimized growth. Considering these premises, the main objective of this Thesis was to develop an automatic control of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), using Fuzzy logic, in order to optimize productivity and reduce costs in the production process. And for the full development of the polychromatic light controller, the study was divided into five stages: i) the first one was responsible for providing all the necessary experimental apparatus for the controlled and uncontrolled cultures used for the validation of the proposed system, which includes two light panels, the power controller circuit, and a special capacitor. Each luminous panel was made up of white, red, green and blue LEDs. The power circuit, made up of transistors and resistors, allows the individual manipulation of the intensity of each wavelength. The special condenser was developed with a Peltier chip, eliminating the need to use another thermal bath in the process, reducing costs and simplifying the apparatus used; ii) the second stage included the development of a PAR sensor, which is the indispensable system for monitoring the PAR during cultivation and also for guiding the controller. The developed system was patented and was ten times cheaper than commercial sensors available on the market; iii) the third stage included the development of the software responsible for monitoring and controlling the variables of the photobioreactor, which was registered as SUPERSYS_Photo®, being therefore the most important interface during the execution of crops, saving the data, configuring the controller set points such as the ideal PAR, the emission wavelength, the photoperiods, as well as the gas feed rate; iv) the fourth step was essential to characterize the effects of light quality on the biochemical fraction of Scenedesmus obliquus (not yet discussed in the literature), which allowed us to understand the biochemical behavior of the species when subjected to different wavelengths (white, blue, red and mixture of blue and red). These results were essential for defining the wavelength used as a setpoint in the light controller, optimizing the production of proteins in the final composition of the cultures, which, according to the results presented, Scenedemus obliquus synthesizes a greater fraction of proteins when cultivated under blue light compared to conventional white light; v) the fifth and final stage actually included the development of the polychromatic light controller based on Fuzzy logic, which was able to increase cell productivity by more than 200% in Scendemus obliquus cultures and reduce power costs by 30% electrical. Therefore, in general, this research has greatly contributed to the development of processes, control and automation in microalgal cultures, paving the way for an expansion of the scale of cultivation with a favorable cost/benefit ratio.
Entre renováveis e não renováveis: o setor de energia na agenda governamental brasileira entre 1995 e 2014
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2021-12-08) Duarte, Cristiano Parra; Capella, Ana Cláudia Niedhardt; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5810332148425938; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2318750874408975
This dissertation analyzes the characteristics of the Brazilian policy agenda related to the energy sector to verify the governmental priorities (longitudinally and transversally), at the federal level, between 1995 and 2014, a period that compounds both governments Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, and the Dilma Rousseff’s first term. To do so, the analysis focus on the attention of the Executive (Presidency, Ministry of Mines and Energy and National Council for Energy Policy), the Legislative, and the Indirect Administration (National Electric Energy Agency, National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels and Energy Research Company). The attention of these arenas and institutions is analyzed based on presidential investiture speeches, messages to the National Congress, executive decrees, provisional measures, ministerial decrees, resolutions from the regulatory agencies and the sectorial council, technical notes from the Energy Research Company, constitutional amendments, ordinary laws, and legislative decrees. Based on the Punctuated Equilibrium Theory, created by Baumgartner and Jones, and a methodology that combines content analysis, coding processes, database construction, and statistical treatment, used and recognized internationally by the Comparative Agendas Project, this dissertation undertakes qualitative analyzes based on data content, as well as quantitative analyzes based on frequency and correlation analyses. As result, it is pointed out that the policy agenda related to the energy sector is quite diversified and that priorities fluctuate considerably over the years, delimiting periods of incremental adjustments, as well as expressive changes. It is also identified that renewable energies had attention increased in PT governments (even though non-renewable energies are among the priorities), while in Cardoso governments the priorities are turned to the electricity and oil and natural gas sectors. Furthermore, it is argued that between 1995 and 2014 the energy sector had two distinct policy images, one during the Cardoso’s governments and the other during the PT’s governments. In this perspective, the set of elements around two factors, the energy crisis during 2001-2002s and the election of Lula, changes the policy image, as well as enabling the process of diversification of the Brazilian energy matrix and the entry of renewable energies issues on the policy agenda. Finally, it is highlighted that there are important differences in the Executive, Legislative and Indirect Administration agendas and that relevant associations are noted between the priorities of Indirect Administration and the Executive. Furthermore, there is a tendency for the Executive to usually direct the National Congress's attention on the energy sector. These findings reinforce the argument that the energy sector is more insulated in the Executive and has a predominance of attention in technical and bureaucratic institutions.