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Diretrizes de design para jogos educacionais multiplayer com foco na colaboração
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2024-09-27) Ziviani, Patricia; Otsuka, Joice Lee; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8235968002513082; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3233-0314; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8832218616824935; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9821-3738
Multiplayer educational games have the potential to promote collaboration, debate, and knowledge sharing in more active and meaningful learning processes, as well as improve social and communication skills. However, most educational games found in educational resource repositories support only a single player. Therefore, the objective of this work is to propose a set of guidelines for the design of multiplayer educational games, focusing on collaboration, in order to assist in the development of games that can promote collaborative learning experiences. The following procedures and scientific methods were used in the research to consolidate this set of guidelines: (i) a systematic literature review, conducted to understand the state of the art of recommendations for multiplayer game design; (ii) a study on design recommendations for collaborative educational games, with the aim of deepening the analysis of recommendations focused on the design of multiplayer games that promote collaboration; (iii) an exploratory analysis of multiplayer educational games, with the objective of verifying whether the identified recommendations have been applied in the available educational games; (iv) an iterative process of designing and implementing a collaborative version of the game "Responda se Puder", allowing several cycles of refinement of the proposed set of guidelines; and (v) case studies in public schools, involving students and teachers from high school and lower secondary education, to validate the effectiveness of the guidelines, following four methods: direct observation of a game session at each educational level; evaluation using the EGameFlow (FU; SU; YU, 2009) with the participants; focus groups with student teams; and interviews with teachers who acted as moderators of the game sessions. The evaluation of the case study results indicated a good convergence among participants, confirming effective collaboration and satisfaction with the game, which initially confirms the feasibility and validity of the guidelines to support the development of multiplayer educational games that promote effective collaboration among students.
Segmentação de cristais de clínquer em imagens microscópicas via redes neurais convolucionais
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2024-09-27) Rodrigues, Renan Vinicius; Paz, Rosineide Fernando da; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0773010734982168; Zuanetti, Daiane Aparecida; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8352484284929824; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8696226923700576
Portland cement is currently carried out by trained professionals who analyze the crystals present in the microstructure of the clinker (an input produced in the cement manufacturing process and which gives it its main characteristics). Among these crystals, the one that most affects the final product is Alita (C3S). Because of this, building an automatic process for segmenting and classifying C3S in microscopic images of clinker can bring savings and efficiency in cement manufacturing. This work, therefore, seeks, through convolutional neural networks and image pre-processing filters, to carry out this segmentation so that the automation of the process is viable, increasing the quality of the product. A description of neural networks and their extensions is provided, as well as a brief review of the most common image preprocessing filters. Subsequently, several neural network models are fitted and compared in the analysis of clinker images.
Fotocatálise mediada por nitretos de carbono cristalinos aplicada na valorização de nitroaromáticos
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2024-09-27) Rocha, Guilherme de Freitas Silva Rodrigues; Teixeira, Ivo Freitas; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9782517948999001; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4356-061X; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6272319886260697; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4054-2536
Carbon nitrides are a class of inorganic polymeric compounds composed of carbon and nitrogen with a C3N4 ratio. Over the past decades, carbon nitrides have been extensively studied due to their significant photocatalytic potential for energy conversion reactions and organic synthesis. However, many of the materials reported in the literature exhibit low crystallinity and reproducibility. In this work, highly crystalline carbon nitrides were synthesized by the thermal condensation of melamine in the presence of NaCl, thus achieving greater control during the polymerization process. The obtained material has a poly(heptazine imide) (PHI) structural organization with negative charges stabilized by Na+ cations. The ionic nature of this metal allows for the substitution of alkali cations by transition metals through a cation exchange process in aqueous medium. The PHI structure enables strong coordination of transition metals to nitrogen atoms with high dispersion, which can be classified as single-atoms. Single-atom-based catalysts represent the latest frontier in maximizing surface area per mole of metal, combined with a coordination environment that simulates coordination compounds, thus acting as a bridge between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. In addition to the possibility of metal coordination, the PHI structure is also susceptible to protonation in the presence of strong acids, leading to the formation of a new structure with acidic properties (H-PHI). Materials synthesized by these two approaches were applied in reactions of great chemical interest. Ni-PHI was used in hydrogen transfer reactions to reduce nitrobenzene to aniline using H2O under sustainable and renewable reaction conditions. Meanwhile, H-PHI was employed in the one-step photocatalytic synthesis of quinoline derivatives from nitrobenzene and ethanol under mild conditions.
Cultura Maker e a abordagem STEAM: um estudo de caso e análise bibliográfica
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2024-09-27) Sakata, Erika Sayuri; Longaresi, Rafael Henriques; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0191932527256862; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8194-828X; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1990563312068737; https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8984-9877
There is no doubt that makerspaces are on the rise in Brazil. In the attempt to update school environments with innovative technological solutions based on structural responses, it is possible that important gaps are being left, such as those relating to evaluation processes and the training of professionals. Thus, this work was developed considering two objectives, one practical and the other theoretical: the practical objective was composed of the application of an evaluation structure (rubric) in activities carried out in the Maker Space of a private school in Sorocaba and, the theoretical objective was composed of the bibliographic survey that sought to identify elements that conceived the practice in Maker spaces. In this survey, the articles were analyzed considering the following indicators: teaching stage, methodology or approach used, use of interdisciplinarity, use of maker culture and 3D printing. The bibliographic survey showed a lack of theoretical conceptualization on the use of the concepts of teaching/learning methods and approaches to applying STEAM practices in makerspaces. Considering the use of the adopted rubric, we identified three rubric items that were easily accessed: ownership and empowerment, Maker habits and production of an artifact. As a common characteristic of the practical and theoretical parts, the rubric and the bibliographic survey indicate the greater use of maker culture in extracurricular contexts, lacking planning in the structuring curricula.
Efeitos da frequência lexical na interpretação de situação-problema em matemática
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2024-09-27) Agostini, Tainara Duro; Silveira, Amanda Post da; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1443032530125906; Conde, Dirceu Cleber; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2630773088169073; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5722724183192283
The objective of this study is to investigate the linguistic factors that influence the difficulty in interpreting math word problems faced by students from 6th to 9th grade. This inquiry is necessary because, to reach a solution or understanding of a mathematical text, especially exercises, it is essential to read and comprehend. In other words, there is a process of translating from natural language to mathematical language, an exchange of codes. However, due to the use of words unfamiliar to the students in the composition of word problems, they encounter difficulties in solving them. In this context, we observe that vocabulary is indeed important, as the student needs to know the linguistic object they are dealing with to enable the translation from natural language to mathematical language. Based on the hypothesis that a lack of vocabulary knowledge might affect interpretation, we constructed a corpus of word problem texts to analyze word choice and usage, aiming to determine which words are being used and their frequency to investigate whether the choice of these words influences the student's interpretative process. To assess the frequency of these terms, we performed a comparative analysis between different corpora: word problems, frequent words for Brazilian children, and common terms for adults. After working with the corpora, we developed an experiment to test students' familiarity with the words in the mathematics book and then to see if they could place the word within the context of the statement. This led us to confirm that indeed unfamiliar words hinder students' interpretative processes, indicating that lexical choice is a significant challenge that affects students' interpretative process and academic performance.
Statistical modeling as an aid to academic research and control of citrus greening and citrus canker diseases in orange cultivation
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2024-09-27) Henriques, Marcos Jardel; Louzada Neto, Francisco; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0994050156415890; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7815-9554; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3011323408047031; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5775-7026
This thesis presents statistical solutions to several problems related to agriculture. One of them proposes a platform that generates sampling plans based on theoretical statistics, utilizing computation and considering knowledge from agricultural sciences. The platform was developed to generate automatic sampling plans, aiming to expedite the detection of the proportion of the \textit{greening} disease in orange groves. This is because, in Brazil, it is required to conduct a census to detect such proportions. For this first case, the modeling was structured through sampling techniques, using hierarchies involving count and proportion distributions, specifically the Beta-Binomial and the FlexShape-Binomial. The second problem addressed in this thesis consists of the following: for some years, many scientific journals in the field of agricultural sciences have required two identical trials, conducted at different times, to allow submission to these journals. In other words, only with the results of both trials would it be possible to submit an article to such journals. Thus, using two datasets that almost meet this requirement (i.e., experiments conducted in nearly identical ways), a statistical approach was proposed to demonstrate the equivalence between the two experiments, utilizing Bayesian modeling to compare informative priors and posteriors. The differences between the two datasets occurred during data collection. For this second part of the thesis, the data are derived from experiments designed to detect orange varieties resistant to citrus canker disease. To address this, the proposal consists of presenting a non-linear regression model based on the Gamma probability distribution, associated with growth curves such as Logistic, Gompertz, Weibull, and Hill. In the third problem, the thesis seeks to analyze a set of experimental data, aiming to identify the best combinations of rootstocks for orange varieties that confer resistance to citrus canker disease in new plants. At this stage, the modeling was conducted using the Bayesian Longitudinal Zero-Inflated Beta probability distribution. The three main problems of the thesis were solved, and, in addition, directly or indirectly, other problems and agronomic results, such as the discovery of new varieties resistant to citrus canker disease, were achieved.
Soybean Oil Deodorizer Distillate (SODD) as feedstock for esters production: techno-economic-environmental analysis of enzymatic routes
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2024-09-27) Cansian, Ana Bárbara Moulin; Sousa Júnior, Ruy de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1983482879541203; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4916-173X; Tardioli, Paulo Waldir; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0808991927126468; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5011-9881; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2791829789886693; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7886-1781
The constant demand for feasible processes maintaining low environmental indicators has been nonstop in recent decades. In response to these goals, the circular economy has emerged, with one of the pillars of coproduct reuse at all stages of production. In the soybean oil industry context, the refining stage produces a residue with significant potential for applications in a biorefinery, further contributing to the circularity of production and the reduction of costs: the soybean oil deodorizer distillate (SODD). The concentrations of fatty acids and mono-, di-, and triglycerides found in SODD make it an exciting prospect as an appealing candidate for conversion into esters through reactions with alcohols or sugars, producing biodiesel or biosurfactants. For laboratory research to be applicable on an industrial scale, techno-economic-environmental analyses must indicate the process's economic viability and environmental impacts. There are several studies related to the experimental data of biodiesel production. However, they are rarer when using raw materials that do not compete with the food industry. Likewise, research into the production of biosurfactants with this type of raw material is rare. Nevertheless, no studies evaluate processes from techno-economic-environmental analysis using SODD. In this context, this work aimed to support the development and scaling of biodiesel (fatty acid ethyl esters) and biosurfactants (fatty acid xylose ester) production by conducting a techno-economic and environmental assessment of enzymatic processes using a subproduct/ residue from biorefineries (SODD) as a material source of fatty acids. Initially, the study focused on the esterification of oleic acid with xylose using immobilized lipase, analyzing economic and environmental factors. Using tert-butanol as a solvent, the Minimum Biosurfactant Selling Price (MBSP) was US$72.37/kg with 86% purity. When methyl ethyl ketone was used instead, and investment in purification increased, the MBSP rose to US$392.98/kg with 96% purity, suitable for pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Additionally, enzymatic biodiesel and biosurfactant production using soybean oil deodorizer distillate (SODD) were modeled. The biodiesel had an MBSP of US$6.15/L and showed lower environmental impacts than traditional method, such as Global Warming Potential in 100 years (GWP100: 1.55 kg CO2 eq.), Abiotic depletion (AD: 27.66 MJ), and Acidification (AC: 3.35∙10^(-3) kg SO2 eq. Three scenarios for biosurfactant production were evaluated, with MBSPs ranging from US$5.82/kg to US$13.42/kg, depending on the solvent mixture. The process with solvent ratio tert-butanol: dimethyl sulfoxide: water of 6.29:1.86:1.86 in volume presented the lowest values of environmental parameters (GWP100: 1.87 kg CO2 eq., AD: 18.4 MJ; AC: 5.09∙10^(-3) kg SO2 eq., EU: 2.54∙10^(-3) kg PO4 eq.). The research concluded that optimizing solvent mixture and using SODD can add value to biorefineries, improving profitability and environmental sustainability.
Comparação entre alguns modelos de regressão de contagem
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2024-09-27) Onuki, Lucas Akio Senaga; Bazán Guzmán, Jorge Luis; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8040998023074358; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3918-8795; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2849328325192046; https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8010-2301
Count data reflects the number of occurrences of a behavior of interest in a given period of time (for example, a team’s goals number in Brasileirão). A common behavior of this type of data is the presence of many zeros observed, i.e. zero-inflation, which ends up somewhat overturning the estimates obtained by the Poisson and Negative Binomial Regression models, usually used to model these type of data. With this in mind, this work set out to study the variations of these models, following two fronts: The first considering models that contain a possible excess of zeros and a second, which compares models from recent literature to check whether they are good alternatives in terms estimates and performance. In total, seven models were trained, the two mentioned above, plus: Poisson-Tweedie, Bell, Zero-inflated Poisson, Zero-inflated Negative Binomial and Zero-inflated Bell. Thus, different simulation scenarios were studied by computing metrics such as mean, standard deviation, REQM and model selection criteria, such as AIC and BIC. It is worth noting that both the classical and Bayesian study methods were used for comparative classification of estimates. In addition to the simulation studies, two applications to real data are presented. As a result of the different scenarios, we understand that the models that have an exclusive part to accommodate possible excesses of zeros had greater adherence to the data in applications. Regarding the models presented in recent literature, we can state that there is similarity in the adjustments made, which validates previous studies and guarantees that they are good alternatives to the Poisson and Negative Binomial models.
Labirintos da gramática - tempo, figuração e subjetividade nas Philosophische Bemerkungen
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2024-09-27) Michetti, Gustavo Gueraldini; Ferraz Neto, Bento Prado de Almeida; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0084436724293824; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3135514929921903; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-6551
This thesis examines the role that temporality and subjectivity perform in the reformulation of the concept of propositional picture at the beginning of Wittgenstein’s Middle philosophy, especially in the “typescript” Ts 209 (1930), published after Wittgenstein's death under the name Philosophische Bemerkungen. More precisely, the objective is to understand to what extent the ideas of “intention” and “figuration” – which characterize the very function of language and proposition – develop from problems related to “time” and the “self”. At first, this thesis analyzes is the difficulty of reconciling two essentially distinct fields: On the one hand, language is structured by the forms of physical temporality, which involves the ideas of the past, present and future; on the other hand, which our propositions must represent, the phenomena, are structured by phenomenological temporality, determined by the characteristics of the instant, flow and succession (before-after). Secondly, this study is dedicated to exploring the possibilities of figurating phenomena based on this temporal mismatch between the physical form of language and the form of experience, taking into account the concept of expectation developed in chapters II-IV of Bemerkungen. Thirdly, the thesis explores the contrast between first-person singular and third-person singular pronouns, bearing in mind to discuss the issues of subjectivity and alterity in Wittgenstein. This work argues that, in Bemerkungen, there is a “grammatical asymmetry” between the present and other temporal perspectives, as well as between the “I” and the “other pronouns”; an asymmetry that underlies the concept of figurativity and can characterize a discursive dimension of language.