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Desaguamento de lodo biológico de estações de tratamento de esgoto sanitário: uma abordagem microbiológica com Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans e Rhodotorula mucilaginosa
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2024-12-19) Gonçalves, Jamile; Duarte, Iolanda Cristina Silveira; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2626035341263254; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9141-1010; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5454612137750301; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7148-2519
Sludge from Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) has high moisture content, a factor that adversely affects its disposal or reuse. In this regard, bioleaching, already known for its effectiveness in the treatment of metals, has demonstrated the simultaneous ability to promote dewatering. However, the high concentration of dissolved organic matter in the sludge has an inhibitory effect on microorganisms commonly used in this process, but when combined with acid-tolerant heterotrophic microorganisms, this effect can be minimized. Therefore, this study evaluated the dewatering of sludge from two STPs in tests with the bacterium Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and the yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Different inoculum concentrations, performance of the supernatants of the bacteria and yeast, as well as commercial synthetic surfactants were compared. Finally, the effect of coinoculation of the bacteria and yeast on the dewatering process was evaluated. Dewatering was measured by filtration time (TTF), specific filtration resistance (SRF) and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) tests. In the treatment with A. thiooxidans, there was a greater reduction in TTF (8.3 ± 0.2 min) with 15% inoculum, concomitantly with a reduction in the concentration of proteins bound in EPS (71.3%, compared to the control). With R. mucilaginosa, a lower TTF (1.1 ± 0.2 min) was obtained with the lowest inoculum concentration (5%) and the percentage of proteins in the bound fraction was less than 10% in the three concentrations evaluated. Both supernatants, from bacteria and yeast, promoted improved dewatering (TTF of 1.5 ± 0.1 min and 1.2 ± 0.1 min, respectively). However, the most efficient dewatering was obtained with the co-inoculation of A. thiooxidans (15%) and R. mucilaginosa (5%), resulting in a TTF of 14 ± 2.4 seconds, 98.7% lower than the control sludge (17.9 ± 0.6 min), with a concentration of bound proteins in EPS 79% lower than the control. Kendall's correlation analysis demonstrated a positive correlation between the TTF and the concentration of proteins in the bound fraction of EPS, reinforcing the hypothesis that the reduction of bound proteins is favorable to dewatering. The co-inoculation test was replicated with sludge from another STP, demonstrating its applicability in other types of sludge. The combined supernatants of A. thiooxidans (15%) and R. mucilaginosa (15%), in turn, reduced the TTF by 90.0% compared to the control, and although it presents similar performance to co-inoculation, its practical application can be advantageous by allowing the reuse of biomass and dewatering potential in a shorter treatment time.
Avaliação da práxis em crianças menores de 3 anos sob a perspectiva da abordagem de integração sensorial de Ayres
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2024-12-19) Silva, Kátia Cezário da; Pfeifer, Luzia Iara; lattes.cnpq.br/9065968448027440; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1826-1968; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9114107048110250; https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2684-0554
The brain continuously receives and assimilates an uncountable number of sensory sensations from different organs of the body, producing motor and behavioral responses, so that a child can move and learn and thus behave in a productive and functional way. In this way, detecting and modulating sensory information from one's own body and the environment makes it possible to respond to the demands of everyday life (Ayres, 1972, 2004). However, when this process does not occur harmoniously, dysfunction in Sensory Integration is triggered. Ayres (1972, 2011) studied praxis difficulties and demonstrated how sensory dysfunctions can affect functional abilities, with praxis being a neurological process between cognition and motor action, while planning is the intermediate process that unites ideation with motor execution to allow adaptive interactions with the world (Ayres, 1972; Cermak; May-Benson, 2020). Ayres developed the Sensory Integration and Praxis Test (SIPT) to evaluate and diagnose children aged 4 to 8 years and 11 months with these difficulties (Ayres, 1989; Lane; Bundy; Gorman, 2020). Although the development of praxis in Sensory Integration in early childhood was little studied by Ayres, since then, instruments have been developed to evaluate sensory dysfunctions. However, little research has been carried out with few assessment instruments to understand and diagnose the praxis of babies and young children. Objective: Identify in the literature praxis assessment instruments from the perspective of Sensory Integration for children aged 0 - 12 years and categorize the domains, adapt them, and create a new instrument that makes it possible to evaluate the praxis of children under 3 years of age. Method: This is a methodological research with a quantitative approach for the construction and elaboration of an evaluation instrument. Methodological studies are those that aim to develop new instruments, create protocols, in addition to translating, validating and adapting pre-existing instruments (Swan et al., 2023). According to the COSMIN guidelines, the process of creating an instrument has ten steps and this research will focus on the first 5 phases. In phase 1, a scoping review was carried out to verify the existence of instruments that assess children's praxis. In phases 2 and 3, the psychometric rigor of the instruments found was reviewed and analyzed. In phase 4 the “construct” is described and, finally, in phase 5, the domains and items of each instrument were studied. Results: In the literature review, 8,161 articles were found and, after the inclusion criteria, a total of 95 articles were analyzed. 36 assessment instruments were found, of which 14 assess praxis, none of which directly assess praxis in the age range from birth to 1 year and 5 months. Of the 14 instruments that include items that evaluate praxis, only 10 instruments were found that studied domains and items, these were organized into 2 categories: direct measurement assessments and indirect measurement assessments. Conclusions: A direct measurement instrument was not found to evaluate children aged 0 to 36 months and the need to understand the markers in the development of praxis was perceived in order to evaluate these children earlier. It is clear that, to delve deeper into this age group, the study of Sensory Integration will need to be in-depth and correlated to cognition, as the praxis of ideation, planning and sequencing are dependent on these integrated and coordinated processes. It will also be necessary to delve deeper into motor markers, as they all simultaneously act to support the evaluation of these children's praxis.
Projeto e caracterização de molécula fotônica com três anéis acoplados para aplicações em sensoriamento
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2024-12-19) Saraiva, Nathan Gonzaga; Ferreira, Paulo Henrique Dias; Barea, Luis Alberto Mijam; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7929868663210908; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3533001304926700
Photonic devices based on resonant cavities in the form of rings are capable of confining energy in the form of light, generating numerous applications such as compact optical sensors with high sensitivity. These cavities can be coupled forming an architecture with two or more rings, called Photonic Molecule (PM), in order to tune the resonances of the spectral response that no longer depend on the characteristics of a single cavity, breaking the intrinsic dependence between cavity radius, free spectral range and total quality factor, allowing compact and robust devices. In line with the immediate need to develop high sensitivity sensors and compact devices with low power consumption, this work aims to employ the unique properties of PMs and use a device with three coupled cavities, two of which are coupled inside an external cavity, which in turn is coupled to a waveguide. This PM will be simulated, fabricated and characterized on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform, using standard-sized waveguides (450nm x 220nm), an outer ring with 20𝜇m radius and inner rings with equal radius of 9.4375𝜇m. The coupling distances between the inner rings and the outer ring must be equal to 150nm and the coupling distances between the outer ring and the waveguide buses must be equal to 200nm. This architecture will guarantee the generation of a spectrum that allows light to travel both clockwise and counterclockwise within the chip, increasing the possibilities of spectral control. As for application, detection windows opened over some specific regions of the PM will be used to guarantee displacements of resonances when light interacts with any target analyte positioned in these windows.
Síntese e caracterização de biomaterial a base de colágeno visando regeneração de tecidos cartilaginosos, nas áreas de medicina e odontologia
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2024-12-19) Rodrigues, Adriane Colombo Liberale; Oliveira, Cauê Ribeiro de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5321313558714462; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8908-6343; Branca; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5670230876901943
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COLLAGEN-BASED BIOMATERIAL FOR THE REGENERATION OF CARTILAGE TISSUE, IN THE AREAS OF MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY. The treatment of injuries of cartilaginous origin is a challenge for medical and dental surgeons, due to the low healing potential of human cartilage and the degree of discomfort that these injuries cause. Surgical intervention has still been widely used in attempts to fill cartilaginous defects. Thus, there is great interest in the development of bioabsorbable biomaterials that can be used to treat and repair these injuries. Type I and II collagens are used in tissue engineering as scaffolds for the treatment of cartilage injuries, due to their biocompatibility and broad clinical approval. In this work, potentially biocompatible blend formulations with increased mechanical resistance were developed, using Type 1 Porcine Collagen, Porcine Gelatin and PLGA 82/18, to support the development of a product intended for the regeneration of cartilaginous tissues; and a cost analysis was carried out for marketing the product. 18 samples were prepared, in different proportions, with and without cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. The samples were characterized physicochemically and mechanically. The results indicated that the Porcine Gelatin and Collagen mixture is more promising than using pure collagen. The blend with PLGA increases the mechanical resistance of materials by more than 10 times while maintaining deformations of the same order or lower. The x-ray diffractograms showed that the samples have amorphous characteristics. The FTIR spectra indicated the presence of bands of functional groups characteristic of PLGA, collagen and gelatin and no peaks related to contamination were observed. In the in vitro cytotoxicity test, the samples showed no toxicity. The cost of PLGA, despite being the highest of all raw materials, is not decisive for the final value of the product. The formulations Collagen 50% + Gelatin 50%, and Blend 5: PLGA 40% + (Collagen 75% + Gelatin 25%) 60% proved to be more feasible from a manufacturing point of view, without difficulties in elaboration and conformation and presented good compression results.
Diagnóstico do gerenciamento dos resíduos de serviços de saúde dos grandes geradores no município de São Carlos - SP
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2024-12-19) Pellegrini, Beatriz Tkaczuk; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4688-1387; Pugliesi, Érica; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6736386099280623; Branco; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0453823841531360; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9119-6031
Most municipalities in Brazil face problems with solid waste management, considering the stages of segregation at source, collection, packaging, destination and final disposal. Among the different types of waste, health service waste (HSW) stands out as a challenge for many cities. This research focuses on the city of São Carlos/SP and aims to carry out a diagnosis of the management of waste from health services in establishments considered large generators to understand the difficulties and problems faced in relation to segregation at source and packaging, as well as the related costs. The understanding of these factors is relevant because the municipality assumes the full costs of collection, treatment and final disposal of the HSW generated in its territory, burdening the citizens with services that should be paid for by the generators. To meet the objectives, the methodology used comprised (i) the monitoring of the collection of this waste in the large generators, (ii) the analysis of documentary data provided by the City Hall and by the company that performs this management using the standards and laws as a basis for verifying whether the management is meeting the expectations provided for in the legislation and (iii) sending questionnaires to those responsible for the internal management of the HSW to obtain data on how this management is being conducted. The results of the research showed some flaws in the process of segregation and packaging of HSW, as well as the lack of adequate containers for disposal in some establishments; in 100% of the studied generators inadequate segregation and disposal were identified and 25% of these establishments did not have enough adequate containers for the disposal of waste. If, on the one hand, the municipality assumes the costs of disposing of the HSW, on the other hand, the large generators do not demonstrate actions to minimize the volumes generated, contrary to the prioritization established in the National Solid Waste Policy, making it impossible to better manage this waste and consequently burdening the public coffers.
Avaliação do desempenho de microcontrolador com arquitetura RISC-V em relação a arquitetura ARM aplicado em processos contínuos utilizando o método de controle PID
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2024-12-19) Silva, André Roberto da; Aroca, Rafael Vidal; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9262228584082064; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4879-6493; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1738208783371178; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5969-245X
The present work evaluated the performance of a microcontroller based on the open-source RISC-V architecture in comparison to another one with ARM Cortex-M0+ architecture, within the scope of applications in continuous process control systems. The control method used was PID (Proportional, Integral, and Derivative), applied in a booster pump system, with the reservoir water level as the controlled process variable. In addition to the two architectures, another variable investigated was the programming language used for firmware development; C/C++ and MicroPython were chosen. The project included the development of a hybrid hardware that supports two commercially available microcontroller platforms in the national market: one of them is LuatOS, an embedded system using the ESP32-C3 microcontroller with RISC-V architecture, and the other is the Raspberry Pi Pico, developed with the RP2040 microcontroller, which features an ARM Cortex-M0+ core. The results obtained from this work are useful for guiding the choice of architecture in the design and development of control devices. Due to the good performance shown by the MicroPython language during the testing phase, a block programming tutorial with the BIPES platform for PID control on embedded systems with a RISC-V core was developed, thus enabling greater accessibility to this emerging technology in automation and control projects.
Professores de Educação Especial atuando em classe comum: possibilidades e desafios de parcerias colaborativas.
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2024-12-19) Costa, Luis Gustavo da Silva; Vilaronga, Carla Ariela Rios; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6536774151778096; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6050-2369; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8566150185958171; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9641-5395; Mendes, Enicéia Gonçalves; Campos, Juliane Aparecida de Paula Perez; Cavalcante, Lucélia Cardoso; Silva, Maria do Carmo Lobato da; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3897627554738983; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3169299095370522; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9389580039097624; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3475922880632267; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3673-0681; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0789-808X; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1765-9456; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0185-5329
This research aimed to analyze and describe the practices of Special Education teachers and regular classroom teachers with Special Education (PEE) students, who worked collaboratively in regular classrooms in the municipal education system of a small municipality in the interior of the state of São Paulo. This descriptive case-study study was based on the qualitative and quantitative research method. Data collection initially involved semi-structured interviews using questionnaires, including three from the Index for Inclusion questionnaire, field diaries, video recordings, photographs, and more. Initially, the diagnostic phase of the research was conducted in three elementary schools and three early childhood education schools, aiming to attract a larger number of teachers. Twenty-eight teachers participated in the study: 14 Special Education teachers and 14 regular classroom teachers. From the diagnostic phase, it was found that of the 28 teachers participating in the study, 10 had never had any contact with Collaborative Teaching or had heard of it. 18 had contact through lectures and Pedagogical Collective Work Meetings (HTPC), where they provided brief reports or explanations on the topic. However, understandings of Collaborative Teaching varied, as did the pedagogical practices implemented among teachers within the regular classroom. Furthermore, they reported insufficient basic knowledge for implementing Collaborative Teaching, a lack of knowledge of the teaching strategy and their roles within it. However, they believed that they were implementing Collaborative Teaching in some way due to their joint work in the regular classroom, where they dialogued and collaborated with one another. However, 98% of the teachers stated they wanted to deepen their knowledge of Collaborative Teaching, considering that the school context in which they worked facilitated this service; to do so, they needed to learn more about the subject. It was concluded, then, that the teachers were in the initial stage of Collaborative Teaching, possessing prior knowledge, which, in fact, corroborated its implementation. It is worth noting that the municipality had a unique characteristic: the Special Education teachers had degrees in Pedagogy and were Specialists in Special Education, working in the Special Education Program within the regular classroom. Furthermore, the studies presented in this thesis, along with the data collected, enabled the development of Collaborative Teaching in Practice (ECNP), through the Initial Tracking of Collaborative Teaching Implementation, four stages, and the 10 crucial foundations for its successful implementation.
Investigações sobre aprendizagem operante em abelhas sem ferrão (Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2024-12-19) Penha, Lívia de Ângeli Silva; Couto, Kalliu Carvalho; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4680441845175818; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8725-1755; Souza, Deisy das Graças de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4404800720856419; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6164-174X; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0996125344903348; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4910-0785
Bees have been used as an animal model for operant learning study. The present study aimed to verify some procedures and variables – such as the duration of the reinforcement, the variable ratio (VR) schedule and the variable interval (VI) schedule in the acquisition and maintenance of operant behavior in bees (Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides). To this end, electronically controlled automatic equipment was built, adapted from the equipment developed by Pessotti (1969), which was electromechanically controlled. The successful testing of the equipment and the animal model, using the pressure response or displacement of a lever (operandum) under well-known schedules, can enable a line of systematic investigation on learning in meliponas. Experiment 1 aimed to verify the effect of the duration for which the syrup used as a reinforcer was available at each visit to the experimental chamber, on the frequency of the response to moving the lever, which released access to the feeder. The procedure consisted of parametrically manipulating the time for which the syrup (50% concentrated sugar solution with lemon balm essence - Cymbopogon citratus) was available after each response.The durations of the presentation of the syrup were 6, 10, 15 and 30 s (the latter is the average value that a melipona quadrifasciata remains collecting the syrup at each visit, when the collection occurs uninterruptedly, until the filling of its honey vesicle). The fractionation of access to the syrup affected the response rate at each visit: the shorter the time, the more responses to the lever in the same visit and the higher the response rate in the session. The duration of 10 s was shown to be the minimum sufficient to maintain the consistency and systematicity of the meliponas' response. Experiment 2 verified the learning and maintenance of the moving a lever under the variable ratio (VR) schedule. Access to the syrup was maintained at 10 s and the response rate increased linearly with ratio size (up to VR 5), remaining stable over successive sessions. Experiment 3 verified learning and maintaining lever response under the variable interval (VI) schedule. The size of VI was manipulated parametrically, in ascending order, up to VI 30 s or VI 40 s. All bees learned the operant response and four completed the parametric manipulation. The response rate increased monotonically with the VI value and was replicated among bees. The results replicated those typically observed under VR and VI schedules in studies with other animal species. The reliable operation of the equipment and the maintenance of the bees' responses under intermittent schedules allows this behavior to be used as a baseline for the experimental investigation of the effect of other behavioral and environmental variables.
Sistema de Suporte Multicamada aliado à consultoria colaborativa escolar para promover inclusão na Educação Infantil
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2024-12-19) Gonzaga, Mariana Viana; Mendes, Enicéia Gonçalves; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3897627554738983; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3673-0681; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8316530099443968; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3645-6419; Colôa, Joaquim; Martins, Morgana de Fátima Agostini; Lourenço, Gerusa Ferreira; Vilaronga, Carla Ariela Rios; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0864937754460579; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9425072594458947; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1474728505225459; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6536774151778096; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2847-9829; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9117-1320; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7550-4858; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6050-2369
The break with the idea of homogeneity—always utopian but previously prevalent in politics, discourse, and classrooms—still poses challenges in schools. Due to the increased enrollment of Special Education students (PEE) in regular schools, heterogeneity in classrooms has become even more evident. This study originated from a request for assistance from a preschool in a municipality in the interior of São Paulo, which faced difficulties in dealing with students with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Considering that universal strategies, which aim to benefit all students indiscriminately, have been increasingly emphasized in the special education literature as a way to better address the diversity of classroom demands, this study proposed exploring the combination of two frameworks: the Multi-Tiered System of Support (MTSS) and Collaborative. MTSS has been identified as a framework for addressing the specific needs of Special Education students, primarily through universal strategies that enhance the quality and effectiveness of classroom proposals for all students. These can be combined with more intensive levels of support when universal strategies prove insufficient. CSC involves partnerships between multidisciplinary professionals—in this case, a psychologist as the researcher—and educators to a collaborative action research project was proposed with the goal of developing and implementing intervention proposals in preschool classrooms using a hybrid CSC model based on the MTSS framework. The research was conducted in three preschool classrooms, involving three head teachers, one specialized education teacher, and the school’s pedagogical coordinator, encompassing 50 students aged four to five. Ten instruments were used for data collection by both the participating teachers. The implementation of MTSS, through collaborative consultation, identified and addressed 12 demands: seven were managed through universal strategies (Tier 1), while five were individualized (Tier 3), targeting a student with ASD and another child without a diagnosis, both requiring more intensive support. Despite the short intervention period of one trimester, the results showed behavioral changes among students, with improvements in social-emotional and behavioral skills, both in the student with ASD and in the other students. Improvements were also observed in teachers' skills related to classroom management and mediating interactions with students requiring more. The tiered approach to support was considered promising by teachers in classrooms with and without PEE students. It highlighted that increasing support levels may be necessary even in classrooms without students with disabilities or ASD. Aligning with the literature, the study concluded that, in the Brazilian context, combining the MTSS and CSC frameworks also proved effective in enhancing preschools' capacity to meet the needs of all students. Therefore, these frameworks should be incorporated into training programs for all professionals working in schools.