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Análise espaço-temporal dos municípios brasileiros: aplicações de aprendizado de máquina na integração de dados territoriais e populacionais
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-05-13) Carvalho, Gabriel Gomes de; Camargo, Heloisa de Arruda; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0487231065057783; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5489-7306; Valencio, Norma Felicidade Lopes da Silva; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7161606146208875; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-3458; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3816131568033484; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3519-0399
This study sought to explore the territorial, demographic, and environmental dynamics of Brazilian municipalities through an integrated data approach based on machine learning. The research is justified by the need to understand how different municipal characteristics relate to each other and evolve over time, considering aspects such as changes in territorial configuration, land use and land cover patterns, and demographic transformations. The methodology adopted involves the collection and processing of data from official databases, such as IBGE and MapBiomas, allowing the construction of a structured dataset suitable for the application of statistical and artificial intelligence techniques. The first step consists of defining the municipality as the unit of analysis, considering its institutionalization and evolution over time. A special focus is given to the period from 2003 to 2023, when there was a stabilization in the emancipatory processes. In addition, regional differences in municipal formation are analyzed, highlighting how each Brazilian macro-region presents distinct patterns of creation and expansion of municipalities. Next, the territorial characteristics of the municipalities were investigated, covering aspects such as territorial extension, spatial variations, and environmental factors that influence their configuration. From this, statistical inferences were drawn to assess significant differences between municipalities, using methods such as ANOVA to understand variations between regional groups. The research advances with the application of supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques. Finally, Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques were used to interpret the generated models and understand the importance of each variable in municipal behavior. The identification that the formation of clusters of municipalities, based on territorial, population, and environmental characteristics, correspond more to the natural biomes of Brazil than to the traditional divisions by state or region. Thus, municipalities with similar environmental and land use characteristics, even if belonging to different states, were grouped into highly homogeneous clusters, demonstrating the strength of data-based and machine learning approaches for identifying spatial patterns that escape political-administrative divisions. Thus, the dissertation proposes a new look at municipal organization in Brazil, combining different data sources and methodologies to deepen the understanding of the transformations that have occurred in the national territory.
A natureza das ações educativas desenvolvidas por bibliotecárias(os) da Rede Federal de Educação Profissional, Científica e Tecnológica (RFEPCT)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-05-13) Souza, Ágata Nelza Gomes de; Sant’Ana, Izabella Mendes; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7860235863062183; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9381-350X; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2211426713865503; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9490-3152
This study investigates how librarians from the libraries of the Federal Network of Professional Scientific and Technological Education (RFEPCT) and graduates of the professional master’s degree program in Professional and Technological Education (ProfEPT) understand the nature of the educational actions they develop. This is an ontological study that investigates the nature of the entity itself aiming to understand it as a being and the links between its constituent elements. Specifically, we aim to characterize the subjects taking part in the research and their working context; to learn if/how initial training (librarianship) and continuing training(s) contributed to developing the educational actions in question; to identify the typologies and to specify the definitions given to educational actions; to characterize, through the perezhivaniya reported, the constitutive elements of the nature of the educational actions highlighted by the participating subjects; and to identify if/how they understand the presence/relevance of technology in the development of educational actions. We conducted systematic mapping (MS) to identify the content related to the subject and found that most studies on the subject refer to the area of librarianship, with little interlocution with education. This justification for this research is added to others of a social and personal nature. Data collection and analysis are based on the theoretical-methodological framework of Lev Semionovich Vygotsky’s (1896-1934) cultural-historical theory, the category of perezhivanie, as a unit of analysis and analytical reference for part of the data analyzed, mediation as an explanatory principle, and the dialectical approach. The research design is structured based on a quantitative↔qualitative approach by applying a mixed online questionnaire (31 participants, distributed across the five Brazilian regions) and a semi-structured reflective interview (six participants). The results obtained through the questionnaire showed that the group is mostly made up of women who have been working in the RFEPCT for around a decade. We also point out that continuing training, specifically the ProfEPT, is seen as more relevant than initial training in librarianship in terms of contributing to the development of educational actions. In addition, we identified 33 different types of educational actions developed by these subjects, including the development of book clubs/reading clubs, training, workshops, classes, and courses. There is also a marked multidimensionality of definitions attributed to educational actions, which were grouped into six types with clear interrelationships between them. Concerning the interviews, based on the analytical framework developed to analyze the perezhivaniya, five essential elements of these educational actions were identified, namely: work from the perspective of totality, freedom, planning, information mediation, and cultural mediation (intersecting formative character). We also indicate that technological resources are present in the educational activities mentioned and are correlated to the shortage of library workers. Thus, the nature of the educational actions is shown from a systemic, dynamic relationship linked to the principles of professional and technological education (EPT), along with a teleological dimension that expresses a prior and conscious purpose of these professionals, in the face of the invisibility and lack of institutional recognition of their work. We concluded that the educational activities carried out by librarians at the RFEPCT reflect a movement aimed at overcoming the historical dichotomy between the areas of librarianship and education, contributing to the comprehensive training of individuals, following the principles of professional and technological education (EPT), through activities carried out in non-formal educational contexts.
Sequential kraft lignin fractionation for nanoparticle production: the use of green solvent approach
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-05-13) Rodrigues, Jéssica de Souza; Freitas, Amanda de Sousa Martinez de; Botaro, Vagner Roberto; Ferreira, Marystela; Fraceto, Leonardo Fernandes; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4368023496052703; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9739345065523926; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2907189124654066; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4714185516263478; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4741480538883395; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6023-6571; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7074-4716; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3382-7747; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9459-8167; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2827-2038
In the context of biorefineries, kraft lignin (KL) has emerged as an underexplored yet promising resource. Its phenolic structures are crucial, offering a wide range of applications, from advanced materials to nanotechnology. This study investigates the sequential fractionation of KL in acetic acid (HOAc), a green solvent, to produce lignin nanoparticles (LNP). KL fractions were obtained at HOAc concentrations ranging from 10 % to 60 %. The most promising fractions, namely KL_30%, KL_40%, KL_50%, and the final residue (FR), were selected based on high extraction yield and distinct molar masses (Mw) for LNP preparation using the antisolvent precipitation method. The study explores the influence of Mw, chemical composition, and functionality of LNPs on their properties. The results demonstrated an inverse correlation between Mw and the hydrodynamic diameter of LNPs, where lower Mw fractions (KL_30% and KL_40%) resulted in larger particle sizes, while KL_50%, despite its higher Mw, produced the smallest LNPs. This finding reinforces the idea that Mw alone does not dictate particle size, and the chemical functionality of lignin - particularly the balance between phenolic and aliphatic groups - plays a crucial role in determining aggregation behavior, surface charge, and colloidal stability. A deeper understanding of these structure-function relationships opens new opportunities for optimizing lignin fractionation and tailoring LNPs for specific applications in nanotechnology and advanced materials.
Towards a strategy and tool support for test generation based on good software testing practices: classification and prioritization
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-05-13) Villota Ibarra, Camilo; Maldonado, José Carlos; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8807333466702951; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3779-7143; Rizzo Vincenzi, Auri Marcelo; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0611351138131709; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5902-1672; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7749442562596651; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7926-6837
This thesis addresses the challenge of defining, validating, and operationalizing good software testing practices, with a focus on improving the quality of test cases. It begins with a systematic literature review, which identifies 131 practices from 103 primary studies, refined into a set of 40 essential best practices. These practices were classified into code-oriented and no-code-oriented groups and validated through a practitioner-centered survey involving experienced software testers, who evaluated their clarity, relevance, applicability, and prioritization. Based on this foundation, the thesis introduces TAI-EvalGenTCS. This AI-based tool uses the OpenAI GPT-4 turbo model to evaluate test cases against proposed practices and generate optimized test cases. The tool was experimentally validated using 16 real-world Java projects, demonstrating its effectiveness in improving the modularity, maintainability, and compliance of the test cases with best practices. The survey results provided empirical confirmation of the proposed classification and offered valuable insights into tool support needs and industry perceptions. The contributions of this research include a structured and validated set of testing practices, a ranked list of essential test case features, empirical validation from industry practitioners, and a practical AI-powered solution that bridges the gap between test automation and test design quality.
Agências de classificação de risco e a dinâmica dos campos: trajetórias, capitais e a dominação financeira
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-05-13) Nascimento, Romário Rocha do; Sacomano Neto, Mário; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0000793038362058; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2561-1700; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6326797181003964; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8684-871X
Credit Rating Agencies [CRAs] are influential and powerful institutions in the international financial market able of impacting the economies of companies and sovereign states. Over the years, they have acquired financial, cultural, political, and economic resources, which have granted them a significant level of influence within the dominant core of the financial market—comprised of the State, banks, and global governance institutions. From this perspective, the objective of this thesis is to analyze how CRAs structure an influential position within the dominant core of the financial market. To achieve this goal, we have divided the research into three studies, each grounded in and structured by distinct objectives, propositions, and methods. The first paper employs the theory of fields to understand the inter-field relationship between the State and CRAs. Through historical documentary research, we analyze some of the key regulatory milestones and events involving CRAs in the financial market. The study highlights how the State engaged various other market fields to promote the legitimacy of CRAs’ performative work. The second paper examines the trajectory and capital accumulation by actors in the field of Agencies Moody’s and S&P— the two largest CRAs in the market. Using prosopography data analysis and Multiple Correspondence Analysis [MCA] the study identifies and assesses six forms of capital held by CRAs: commercial, social-organizational, economic-financial, technological, cultural, and symbolic. The study reveals through perceptual maps that the trajectory and capital accumulation by the actors defined the influential position of CRAs in the dominant core of the financial market, particularly through commercial, technological, and symbolic capital. The third article examines the role of financial innovation as a fundamental mechanism for restructuring the order and stability of the CRAs field. Based on a historical analysis of secondary data, a narrative of crisis recovery was constructed, emphasizing the role of financial innovations and how they function as containment mechanisms used by actors to reorganize the field’s order. We believe the three studies support the central thesis question. Furthermore, the thesis upholds a theoretical premise by offering, as an alternative, the relational analysis between economic sociology and market approaches to relativize a current critique concerning complex empirical problems and the lack of dialogue between disciplines. Thus, we discuss the complementarity between theory of fields and other approaches, such as performativity, market devices, and financial innovation. In this way, the research opposes a simplified view of markets and considers them as complex, intertwined entities, simultaneously connected to social relations and broader historical-cultural contexts.