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Análise técnico-econômica e ambiental de biorrefinarias de macroalgas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2026-03-11) Kanematsu, Simon; Cruz, Antonio José Gonçalves da; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1812806190521028; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6830-9512; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8694905355887445; Cruz, Antonio José Gonçalves da; Almeida, Renata Maria Rosas Garcia; Batista, Gustavo; Farinas, Cristiane Sanchez; Furlan, Felipe Fernando; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1812806190521028; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3745446778086537; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8836630048612519; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9933650905615452; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4136352953168873
The development of macroalgae-based biorefineries has emerged as a promising pathway for the sustainable production of biofuels and high-value bioproducts. This thesis evaluates, independently, two industrial-scale routes: cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) production from Sargassum sp. and ethanol production from Kappaphycus alvarezii. The processes were modeled based on the scale-up of experimental data and literature sources, enabling the establishment of mass and energy balances, equipment sizing, and estimation of capital (CAPEX) and operating (OPEX) costs. Economic feasibility was assessed through the Minimum Selling Price (MSP), Net Present Value (NPV), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR), complemented by sensitivity and uncertainty analyses using Monte Carlo simulation, while environmental performance was evaluated following ISO 14040/14044 standards. For CNC production from Sargassum sp., four scenarios were assessed: S1) sap, alginic acid, protein, and CNC; S2) sap, alginic acid, and CNC; S3) sap and CNC; and S4) CNC only. CAPEX ranged from approximately US$113.72 to 141.29 million, while the MSP values were US$14,805.67/ton (S1), US$11,098.54/ton (S2), US$3,521.02/ton (S3), and US$8,546.04/ton (S4). Scenarios with higher product diversification exhibited increased CAPEX without proportional reductions in MSP. The most favorable configuration (S3), focused on CNC and sap production, showed the lowest MSP and best environmental performance. Sensitivity analysis indicated that hydrolysis efficiency, minimum attractive rate of return, and CAPEX are the most critical variables affecting MSP. Uncertainty analysis (95% confidence interval) showed MSP ranges of US$7,694.07-22,102.52/ton (S1), US$5,405.69-16,936.40/ton (S2), US$1,915.80–5,105.39/ton (S3), and US$6,199.59–10,695.37/ton (S4). From an environmental perspective, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) indicated negative eutrophication potential (EP) values ranging from -0.144 to -0.05 kg PO₄³⁻ eq/kg CNC, associated with nutrient uptake during cultivation, and global warming potential (GWP) values between 1.52 and 10.53 kg CO₂ eq/kg CNC. Independently, ethanol production from Kappaphycus alvarezii was evaluated. The integrated process (including sap, yeast, and carbon credits-CBIOs) presented a CAPEX of US$148 million, IRR of 57.77%, and NPV of US$1,028.69 million. However, ethanol production as a standalone product resulted in a negative NPV (US$-2,003.07 million) and IRR below the minimum attractive rate of return, indicating economic infeasibility. Sensitivity analysis showed strong dependence on sap selling price and biomass throughput, while Monte Carlo simulation indicated a 90.64% probability of positive NPV under integrated conditions. In contrast, LCA results showed highly favorable environmental performance, with negative GWP (-0.6 kg CO₂ eq/kg) and EP (-0.14 kg PO₄³⁻ eq/kg). Overall, macroalgae biorefineries demonstrate strong environmental performance; however, their economic viability is highly dependent on product portfolio and process integration. High-value products such as CNCs improve feasibility, whereas ethanol production requires coproduct valorization, indicating that the main barrier to industrial implementation is economic rather than technical or environmental.
Liberdade individual e obediência às leis: crítica de Isaiah Berlin à teoria política de Jean-Jacques Rousseau
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2026-03-11) Almeida, Guilherme do Couto de; Lopes, Marisa da Silva; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5427042421727621; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6559530459689554; Lopes, Marisa da Silva; Galé, Pedro Fernandes; Pontinta, Lili; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5427042421727621; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4685256168852071; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0810423245955932
In The Social Contract, Jean Jacques Rousseau sets out the political principles that govern the existence of the political body born of the social pact. By explicating the concepts of individual will, general will, and the common good, Rousseau maintains that the contracting individual receives his freedom from the pact, grounded in obedience to laws made by the people themselves. This freedom reflects popular sovereignty and the exercise of the general will as the guiding principle of the State and of civil society. The Genevan further qualifies this point by stressing that the associate preserves his individual freedom precisely by ordering his life through submission to the laws he himself has established. The present study aims to refute Isaiah Berlin’s critique of the individual freedom proposed by Jean Jacques Rousseau in The Social Contract. Berlin argues that Rousseau’s conception of freedom is illusory, claiming that the general will, when interpreted as an absolute, can lead to despotism and to the oppression of individual will. This study contends, however, that such criticism rests on a biased interpretation of Rousseau’s theory, especially insofar as it is grounded in a conception of freedom as the satisfaction of one’s own individual interests within the limits imposed by respect for the interests of others (negative liberty). The purpose is to address the core of the tension between individual freedom and collective authority through the lenses of Berlin and Rousseau—a theme that demands analytical precision and a deep grasp of its conceptual nuances. Berlin’s most forceful criticisms of Rousseau will be examined, especially as they concern the possibility that Rousseau’s ideas might conduce to tyranny or serve to justify totalitarian regimes. Accordingly, this dissertation proposes a critical analysis of Isaiah Berlin’s interpretation of Jean Jacques Rousseau’s political theory, specifically Rousseau’s conception of freedom and its implications for the organization of the State. The central hypothesis is that Berlin’s critique, although relevant within the context of twentieth century liberal thought, fails to grasp the complexity and the institutional safeguards present in Rousseau’s system—safeguards that prevent the degeneration of the general will into authoritarianism. More specifically, the research will examine how Rousseau articulates a political model in which genuine freedom is achieved not through the negation of individual will, but through its integration into the general will, expressed in laws collectively enacted. The method employed will consist in an exegesis of Rousseau’s primary texts - chiefly The Social Contract - and of Berlin’s writings, especially “Two Concepts of Liberty,” confronting them with the extensive secondary literature devoted to this controversy. The structure of the work, outlined below, is intended to deepen this analysis, culminating in a systematic response that reaffirms the continuing relevance of Rousseau’s political philosophy for understanding freedom and democratic legitimacy. Finally, the dissertation is grounded in a critical analysis of Rousseau’s works and of contemporary interpretations, seeking to clarify that individual freedom and the general will are not antagonistic, but complementary within the context of political life.