Rastreamento da escoliose idiopática da coluna vertebral em escolares do município de São Carlos – SP

Abstract

Introduction: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a three-dimensional deformity of the spine characterized by lateral vertebral inclination in the frontal plane, rotation in the horizontal plane, and posterior flexion in the sagittal plane. This condition may lead to future health problems, such as low back pain and cardiorespiratory dysfunction. Screening programs are highly recommended and should be routinely incorporated into school-based physical examinations for early detection of the condition, with the aim of preventing or minimizing severe deformities. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study. Volunteers aged 10 to 18 years, of both sexes, enrolled in schools in São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil, were recruited. Participants underwent postural assessment, including the Adams forward bend test combined with scoliometer measurement of the angle of trunk rotation (ATR), as well as spinal mobility tests and assessment of low back pain risk. Results: A total of 275 school students were evaluated, of whom 17 (6.2%) showed findings indicative of AIS (ATR ≥7°), while 26 (9.5%) were classified as suspected cases (ATR between 5° and 7°). A significant association was observed between findings indicative of AIS and classification as being at moderate/high risk for low back pain (p=0.0005), as well as reduced spinal mobility during right lateral flexion (p=0.0052). Conclusion: The prevalence of AIS observed among school students in São Carlos was 6.2%, with additional students identified as having findings suggestive of the condition. The association between findings indicative of AIS, a higher risk of low back pain, and reduced lateral spinal mobility reinforces the clinical relevance of these findings. Considering that postural changes during growth may negatively affect musculoskeletal function and quality of life, these findings reinforce the importance of early screening and follow-up in the school setting, which may facilitate identification, monitoring, and the implementation of preventive and therapeutic measures when necessary.