La constitución histórico social de la terapia ocupacional en Chile (1950-1973)
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Universidade Federal de São Carlos
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La presente investigación aborda desde una perspectiva crítica y situada, orientada desde la historia social, el tema de las condiciones políticas, económicas y sociales que dan cuenta del surgimiento de la Terapia Ocupacional en Chile. Se asume una posición de ruptura con la historia oficial hegemónica y dominante, de orden anglosajón, cuyo carácter apunta a un registro de hechos objetivos, más bien monumentalista, donde lo político y lo social asoma de manera descriptiva y parcial. El objetivo fue analizar los procesos sociales, económicos y políticos históricos que dan cuenta del devenir histórico de la terapia ocupacional, en el periodo de 1950 a 1973 y pretende generar aperturas a historias otras que han quedado subalternizadas por la historia dominante y aperturas de memoria e identidad desde nuestra región de América del Sur. La metodología es de orden cualitativo que implica la revisión documental de fuentes tanto de Chile como del extranjero, en aspectos políticos, económicos y sociales generales, de política sanitaria y de terapia ocupacional. Se establecen 3 dimensiones de análisis: General, referida a la situación global internacional; Particular, a aspectos regionales y; Específica, a procesos en Chile. El periodo seleccionado es escenario de condiciones globales post Segunda Guerra Mundial que, en el marco de la Guerra Fría, generan estrategias de cooperación internacional a regiones periféricas a fin de adherirlas al proyecto capitalista modernizador y de industrialización promovido por Estados Unidos de América, particularmente por el panamericanismo y la Alianza para el Progreso. Los resultados indican a que la terapia ocupacional en Chile es consecuencia de la necesidad de resolver aspectos sustantivos de la sociedad chilena en temas como salud y rehabilitación. La cooperación internacional para el desarrollo económico asociado al desarrollo social era el camino para la nueva fase del capitalismo modernizador en el país. Se concluye que la terapia ocupacional ocupa desde el Estado una fuerte vinculación con la cuestión social, introduciéndose como tecnología social de intervención, introduciendo epistemologías propias del mundo anglosajón y construyendo una memoria histórica de la disciplina de carácter técnico donde lo político, económico y social queda diluido.
This research approaches, from a critical and situated perspective grounded in social history, the theme of the political, economic, and social conditions that account for the emergence of Occupational Therapy in Chile. It adopts a position of rupture with the official hegemonic and dominant history, of Anglo-Saxon origin, characterized by a record of objective facts and a monumental approach in which the political and the social appear in a merely descriptive and partial way. The objective was to analyze the historical, social, economic, and political processes that shape the historical development of occupational therapy between 1950 and 1973, seeking to open pathways to other histories that have remained subalternized by the dominant narrative, and to foster new spaces of memory and identity from the South American region. The methodology is qualitative in nature and involves documentary review of both national and international sources concerning political, economic, and social aspects, health policy, and occupational therapy. Three analytical dimensions were established: the general, referring to the global international context; the particular, linked to regional aspects; and the specific, corresponding to Chilean processes. The selected period represents a global post–World War II scenario in which, within the framework of the Cold War, international cooperation strategies were developed for peripheral regions in order to integrate them into the capitalist modernization and industrialization project promoted by the United States of America, particularly through Pan-Americanism and the Alliance for Progress. The results indicate that occupational therapy in Chile emerged as a response to the need to address structural issues of Chilean society in areas such as health and rehabilitation. International cooperation for economic development associated with social progress became the main path for the new phase of capitalist modernization in the country. It is concluded that occupational therapy was incorporated by State as a social technology of intervention, introducing Anglo-Saxon epistemologies and constructing a technical historical memory of the discipline in which the political, economic, and social dimensions are diluted.
This research approaches, from a critical and situated perspective grounded in social history, the theme of the political, economic, and social conditions that account for the emergence of Occupational Therapy in Chile. It adopts a position of rupture with the official hegemonic and dominant history, of Anglo-Saxon origin, characterized by a record of objective facts and a monumental approach in which the political and the social appear in a merely descriptive and partial way. The objective was to analyze the historical, social, economic, and political processes that shape the historical development of occupational therapy between 1950 and 1973, seeking to open pathways to other histories that have remained subalternized by the dominant narrative, and to foster new spaces of memory and identity from the South American region. The methodology is qualitative in nature and involves documentary review of both national and international sources concerning political, economic, and social aspects, health policy, and occupational therapy. Three analytical dimensions were established: the general, referring to the global international context; the particular, linked to regional aspects; and the specific, corresponding to Chilean processes. The selected period represents a global post–World War II scenario in which, within the framework of the Cold War, international cooperation strategies were developed for peripheral regions in order to integrate them into the capitalist modernization and industrialization project promoted by the United States of America, particularly through Pan-Americanism and the Alliance for Progress. The results indicate that occupational therapy in Chile emerged as a response to the need to address structural issues of Chilean society in areas such as health and rehabilitation. International cooperation for economic development associated with social progress became the main path for the new phase of capitalist modernization in the country. It is concluded that occupational therapy was incorporated by State as a social technology of intervention, introducing Anglo-Saxon epistemologies and constructing a technical historical memory of the discipline in which the political, economic, and social dimensions are diluted.
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GUAJARDO CÓRDOBA, Alejandro. La constitución histórico social de la terapia ocupacional en Chile (1950-1973). 2025. Tese (Doutorado em Terapia Ocupacional) – Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, 2025. Disponível em: https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/20.500.14289/23730.
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