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Avaliação e caracterização de lignina em biomassa de Citrus sinensis L. Osberck
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-04-20) Porto, Deyvid de Souza; Silva, Maria Fátima das Graças Fernandes da; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0457632122660653; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2541704960428633
The large production of citrus residue has promoted problems in its processing and cultivation, resulting in biomass storage and environment pollution. It is estimated that 94 million tons of citrus are produced worldwide and 15.6 million residues are generated per year. Brazil has an important participation, due to the country is a world leader in the production of fruit and orange juice. Citrus biomass presents an extensive chemical diversity such as pectin, d-limonene, flavonoids and lignin, being an interesting object of study. Structural polymer present in the plant cell wall, the lignin has been used in phenolic resins, bioplastics and nanoencapsulation, for example. The fact that lignin presents as a valuable renewable raw material for the Brazilian chemical industry, the large amount of stored orange wood and the scarce literature about lignin in Citrus sinenses motived the present study. The study consisted in extracting lignin from stem, central root and secondary root from orange tree, using the TAPPI standard method, characterize lignin by Infrared (IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Elemental Analysis and Termical Analysis. The lignin contents for extractive-free orange samples were 19.80 % in the stem, 21.74% in the central root, 19.39% in the secondary root and 1,13% in the orange bagasse. The greatest amount of lignin in the orange tree was found in central root, responsible for the support of the structure of the plant, following the secondary root and the stem. The lignins from the different portions of the orange tree wood extraction by TAPPI T264 cm-97, presented low solubility in organic solvents, due to their compaction and folding that was confirmed by 13CNMR in solid state, DSC and TGA. The IR and NMR confirmed the characteristic lignin bands and the siryngil (1326 and 1115 cm-1) and guiacyl (1220 cm-1) monomers, which are found in hardwood type. Holocellulose contents found for samples of Orange bagasse (70.10%), stem (77.82%), central root (78.86) and secondary root (76.66%) extractive-free presented the expected content. The lignins from stem, central and secondary roots of orange tree wood obtained by alkaline pulping were soluble in organic solvent, as well as characteristic lignin signals for IV and NMR. The average yield between 20-24%, the solubility and the characteristics found in the MEV analysis of lignins obtained by alkaline pulping, are of interest for aplication these polymer in the encapsulation of substances and in Thermosets Composite.
Compósitos nanoestruturados baseados em polímero condutor/cerâmica como plataforma sensorial para detecção de gás amônia
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-04-20) Andre, Rafaela da Silveira; Mattoso, Luiz Henrique Capparelli; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5839043594908917; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4843978824084924
The development of novel nanostructured platforms for application as gas sensor has intensified over the last few decades. In this scenario, it is worth mentioning the importance of monitoring ammonia gas in poultry farms. Such environments are rich in ammonia, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and organic matter arising from the poultry waste decomposition, which remain in the air as bioaerosol. Ammonia, which is produced by the microbial degradation of uric acid present in the poultry waste, causes significant economic losses to poultry farmers and is harmful to the workers. Although some studies found in the literature present sensors capable to detect low concentrations of ammonia, it is still necessary to optimize these devices in order to improve their performance in terms of the sensitivity, limit of detection (LOD) and reliability. Thus, the present thesis aims to contribute to the development of sensors with high sensitivity and low LOD for detecting ammonia through the study of different nanostructured platforms. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were obtained through the optimization of the synthesis and treatment parameters using conventional hydrothermal method, while polymeric nanofibers were produced by electrospinning technique. Both techniques allowed to produce nanostructured platforms by a combination of ZnO nanoparticles and conjugated polymers in the form of fibers, film and coating architecture. The sensitivity and performance of such platforms were evaluated against different concentrations of ammonia aiming to understand the heterojunction influence among the materials on the performance of the platforms as an ammonia sensor at room temperature. Both the ZnO nanoparticles and the composite platforms developed in this work had their structural, morphological and electrical properties studied in detail. Synthesis parameters as well as the platforms deposition parameters were optimized for attaining superior electrical and morphological properties that improved the sensor performance regarding ammonia detection. Sensing tests were carried out against different concentrations of ammonia under controlled atmosphere confirming the best performance of the composite materials when compared to their constituents separately. In this context, the influence of the platform composition, as well as materials structural conformation were evaluated to help to understand the electrical properties and detection mechanisms.
Repercussões biopsicossociais de uma capacitação em atividades físicas em uma Unidade de Saúde da Família de São Carlos / SP
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-04-20) Melinski, Anita de Cássia; Duarte, Ana Cláudia Garcia de Oliveira; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1996950253264696; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6957331799444487
The Family Health Strategy (ESF) aims to change the assistance standard, which is marked by curative actions, to a new way to offer care with emphasis in health promotion and prevention. However, physical activity, which is an essential component of these actions, is not always a common knowledge among the minimum ESF team. Therefore, with the implementation of the Support Nucleus to the Family Health Strategy, the Physical Education professional start to play a relevant role in general health practices, who is indicated to be present in the support team to the Family Health Unity (USF). This professional would provide the support to physical activity practices (PCAF), including for the other members of the team, since workplace expose the professionals to high levels of stress, which may affect negatively their performance. Nevertheless, until the present moment, literature regarding the long-term repercussions of an educational training to USF professionals were not found. The aim of this study was to analyse the three-year repercussions of physical-activity educational training offered to several professionals by a physical education professional in aspects related to physical activity in health and affectivity among professionals in an USF. This was a exploratory qualitative study. Nine USF professionals who had participated in a physical activity educational training were selected through multiple-types deliberated sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted three years after the end of the educational training. Content analysis was used to interpret the data, supported by caring the carer theoretical referential, which allowed the identification and comprehension of the repercussions due to the educational training. Professional health (physical, psychological and physiological) and affectivity (team union) were identified repercussions. The educational training conducted by a Physical Education professional lead to health and affectivity repercussions in professionals even after three years of the end of the proposal.
Rastros e memórias : etnografia dos vaqueiros do sertão (Floresta – PE)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2017-04-20) Pereira, Renan Martins; Villela, Jorge Luiz Mattar; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8301325600502054; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1014932306220496
This dissertation is about the vaqueiros (cowboys) of the municipality of Floresta, sertão of Pernambuco (hinterland), Brazilian northeast, where I conducted my fieldwork from February to May 2016. It is an ethnography about the disputed position of being a vaqueiro, since perspectives that, far from considering it an historical resistance, covered by regionalism and traditionalism, demonstrate the ways in which, nowadays, many vaqueiros are vaqueiros without being true. It means to say that not everyone is in fact vaqueiros, vaqueiros mesmo, in other words, the real ones. In the face of these contradictions and evaluations, I divided the ethnography into three chapters. In the first, I bring a methodological discussion about how my friends characterized what should be, according to them, my analytical object par excellence. In this case, the real cowboy, original and authentic. Afterward, I will discuss some local strategies whose proposal is to turn the category vaqueiro in something essential. Then, I will see how it simultaneously multiply the same category in unexpected ways, in ways that couldn’t one day be imagined. For this reason, the second chapter analyzes how some interlocutors specifically innovate their relationships with the herd, the drought and the past. In the third and last, memory became the central theme of the discussion. According to my arguments, being a vaqueiro gains new senses in the present, taking into account the knowledge of wise storytellers, whose memories glorify them as more cowboys than others, because they lived in old times, the revered past. At the end of the same chapter, it is the human-animal relationships that gain prominence, in the context of the pegas de boi no mato or vaquejada. My contribution is that, in addition to being disputed and prestigious, being a vaqueiro is also an inventive and procedural position. In this sense, the category in question gains a plastic nature in my ethnographic analysis, whose proposal is to understand that there isn’t only the prospect of the end – that the vaqueiros are disappearing or being transformed into something other than the masters of ancient times – but also the actual perspectives of some cowboys who, in turn, do not consider themselves deserters of what they conventionally call tradition, understood as the resource of memory in which are drawn the traits that equate, and at the same time, differentiate all of them from whom is more true, given the uncertainties of being a vaqueiro in the future.