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Os impactos socioeconômicos da prática de atividades físicas no Brasil: uma análise sobre renda e defasagem idade-série.
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-06-03) Davinha, Ana Helena Nallin; Ferro, Andrea Rodrigues; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3432809140419477; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7003656891869538
The practice of physical activities has become a source of ample debates both in the academic environment and in the daily life of individuals, with respect to their benefits to physical and mental health. Despite this, little has been discussed in these two spheres regarding the socioeconomic impacts of physical activity practice. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to analyze the practice of physical activities as an economic problem, insofar as it affects the health and quality of life (well-being) of individuals, consequently causing impacts on their productivity and ability to earn income. For adults (those between 18 and 65 years old), we analysed the relationship between physical activity practice and individual income earning. As for school-aged individuals (adolescents, aged 15 to 17 years old), as physical activity, besides being included in the school hours, also impacts their physical and metal well-being, we analysed the impacts of the practice of physical activities on the academic performance of adolescents, that is, on their age-grade gap. In order to do so, the statistical-econometric methodology was used as a way of analyzing and evaluating these relations, using the Heckman equation for income and count data models for the age-grade gap. The results on income show that physical activity practice (PAP) not only can lead to positive impacts on the individuals' health stock, but can also affect their income earnings, becoming a socioeconomic issue that affects the quality of life of individuals through many means. Thus, we find that the practice of any kind of physical activity out of the work hours increases the individual’s income earnings by 10.2% (IV-Probit IV-GMM) to 12.3% (BP IV-GMM), on average. This result was obtained while controlling the estimations for selection bias and for the presence of endogeneity between PAP and the individual's occupational situation and income. These PAP impacts vary across sexes and throughout age groups, so that PAP displays greater impacts on men’s income earnings, and an inverted U-shaped behavior across age groups, similar to the very impacts of age and experience on income (MINCER, 1958; SCHULTZ, 1961). As for the age-grade gap, the effects of PAP on the academic performance of adolescents were quite different for boys and girls: while, for the girls, the fact of participating on out-of-school hours PAP reduces their age-grade gap by 24.8%, or 0.281 years (around 3.4 months), on average, for the boys, the PAP was, in most cases, statistically zero in terms of affecting AGG. Even more, considering exclusively those boys regularly attending school, the NBRM MEs point out to a positive effect of participating on PAP on their age-grade gap, so that it negatively affects the academic performance of these boys.
Perspectiva materna sobre variáveis familiares e serviços oferecidos aos filhos com síndrome de Down e/ou autismo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-06-03) Spinazola, Cariza de Cássia; Cia, Fabiana; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5999108571365402; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0508285970778426
This research was divided into two studies, the aims of these studies are: 1: (a) identifying and comparing the needs, the social support and the parent satisfaction of preschool children aged zero to six and elementary school aged six to nine with Down´s syndrome and autism; (b) identifying and comparing the family system of preschool children aged zero to six and of elementary school aged six to nine with Down´s syndrome or autism; (c) describing and comparing the families opinion about the services offered to their preschool children from zero to six years old with Down´s syndrome and (d) correlating the variables. The aim of study 2 was: to identify and compare the needs, the social support and the parental satisfaction of children with Down´s syndrome or autism. The mothers were divided into two groups, G1 (EI) consisting of 20 mothers of children with Down´s syndrome or autism matriculated in early childhood education and G2 (EF) mothers of children with Down´s syndrome or autism matriculated in elementary school until the third year. Contact with the mothers through five municipal schools for early childhood and elementary school and three groups for the families. The tools used in this study were: Family system characterization questionnaire, Family needs questionnaire, Social support questionnaire, Parental satisfaction questionnaire and a semi-structured interview script. The data collected were quantitative and qualitative. The quantitative data were used to make a comparison between the groups using the t-test, and the qualitative data were analyzed though elaboration of categories. It was used Person´s correlation test to correlate the quantitative data. Correspondingly, the comparison between the groups demonstrated that G1 (EI) showed higher information requirements on how to deal with their children, a greater number of people to count on a higher level of satisfaction with the support received. G2 (EF) showed greater need for time to speak with the children´s therapists and teachers. When it comes to school services, in both groups there are still children who do not receive special education assistance and, in most cases, the school does not accomplish referrals to public services or answer parents´ questions. In terms of support networks, both groups indicated the need for specialized professionals and financial backing. For services, most mothers appeal to private institutions or/and associate public and private. It was also related as a positive point in the majority of attention and the manner professionals deal with children at school. When comparing study 2, it was demonstrated that mothers of children with DS, in comparison with the mothers of children with autism, presented a greater need for information about the way the child grows and develops. Still, the mothers of children with autism had needs in issues involving explaining their children´s situation and paying expenses for therapists and other services. The data highlight the importance of more effective support networks for families of children matriculated in public school system and provide relevant subsides for public policies, programs and actions, especially at the municipal level.
Impactos do tipo de manejo de plantas invasoras nos microrganismos do solo em plantio de restauração florestal
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2020-06-03) Parré, Fernando Martins; Loiola, Priscilla de Paula; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2691455603546958; Monquero, Patricia Andrea; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2766526793830455; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2750891432397149
The impact of invasive species management in forest restoration systems affects the communities of microorganisms in the soil and litter. They are fundamental for carrying out ecosystem functions, which guarantee the regeneration and functioning of ecosystems. The objective of this research was to test whether there was a difference between the quantity and activity of soil microorganism communities in the mechanical and chemical treatments of invasive plants in a forest restoration plantation, comparing them with each other and with a forest restoration plantation, over 11 months. We performed soil and litter collections in a restoration plantation submitted to two invasive plant management treatments: mechanical control (brushcutter) and chemical control (periodic use of glyphosate and clethodim), and in a forest fragment. We carried out analyzes of soil microbial carbon biomass (BMC) and basal soil respiration (RBS), calculated the soil metabolic coefficient (qCO2) and quantified the soil microorganisms using qPCR in real time. To measure the litter decomposition´s rate, we installed litter bags that were evaluated for 11 months. Through analysis of variance, t tests and mixed models, we verified that there is a difference between the areas subjected to mechanical or chemical control of invasive plants and that these areas differ, in some situations, from the preserved forest. In the restoration areas, there was an initial peak of activity in the soil microorganism communities, in response to the disturbance caused by the managements. In the qPCR analysis, the amount of bacteria in the soil was lower in chemical treatment than in mechanical treatment. The peak of activity in response to treatment was less pronounced for mechanical treatment compared to chemical treatment, analyzing the RBS, BMC and qCO2 curves. Twenty days after both treatments, there was a decrease in indicative variables of microbial activity in the soil. The mechanical treatment indicated rebalancing of the activity curves in mean values above zero at the end of the study, while the chemical treatment, which also showed this tendency to rebalance the curves, had mean values close to zero, indicating almost inactivity of the community at the end of the same period. These results indicate that chemical treatment was harmful to soil microbiological communities in the long term, with mechanical treatment ending with values more similar to those of the forest fragment. The decomposition rates of the mechanical treatment and the fragment were similar. The chemical treatment ended with the lowest volume of litter decomposed in the studied period. The chemical management of invasive plants was harmful to soil microorganism communities, leading to a lower decomposition rate. Thus, the use of mechanical management of invasive plants is less aggressive to soil microbial communities and positively influences the speed of soil biota regeneration, promoting forest restoration more efficiently.