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O negócio das chacinas: sentidos de justiça, privatização da segurança e corrupção policial em São Paulo
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2021-10-15) Silva, David Esmael Marques da; Sinhoretto, Jacqueline; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7743699562476490; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2292335363594754; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3607-7187; Lima, Renato Sérgio de; Costa, Arthur Trindade Maranhão da; Dias, Camila Caldeira Nunes; Sanchez, Fábio José Bechara; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0101573130155769; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9534520176831048; https://lattes.cnpq.br/2337937419444833; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6423443695464907
This doctoral study takes as its empirical focus the “chacina”— initially defined here as incidents of multiple homicide involving three or more victims within a single event—that occurred in Osasco and Barueri, municipalities in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, on August 13, 2015, in which 19 homicides were committed in peripheral urban areas by groups of hooded individuals. Following investigation and judicial proceedings, the case resulted in the conviction of three military police officers and one municipal guard from Barueri. However, on appeal, a second jury trial was ordered, in which one military police officer and the municipal guard were acquitted. Through this case study, the thesis seeks to better understand what constitutes a “chacina”, in order to reflect on the reasons why police officers become involved in such crimes in São Paulo, as well as the competing conceptions of justice that surround these events. To this end, the research draws on information about the case, its investigation, and judicial processing as reported in the press, as well as on direct observation of stages of the judicial proceedings and part of the jury trial. It also incorporates quantitative data on “chacinas” and related phenomena in São Paulo and Brazil, in addition to interviews with representatives of institutions within the criminal justice system, including the Civil Police, Military Police, Public Defender’s Office, and Police Ombudsman’s Office in the state of São Paulo. The findings indicate that chacinas are mobilized within different grammars of social conflict in Brazil, particularly since the 1990s, with those perpetrated by police officers—whether on or off duty—constituting one identifiable type. Furthermore, although the Osasco and Barueri “chacina”, carried out by off-duty police officers, was initially interpreted as an act of revenge for the killing of a military police officer and a municipal guard in the same region days earlier, the analysis ultimately reveals conceptions of justice associated with the business of providing private security services by police officers to commercial establishments. In this sense, public and private logics become intertwined, as public agents act off duty in pursuit of personal profit. Finally, the thesis proposes a typology of “chacinas” in general, as well as a specific typology for those involving police officers.
Análise de degradação e durabilidade da argila para uso em taipa de pilão
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2021-10-15) Figueiredo, Pedro Luís Junqueira; Koga, Guilherme Yuuki; https://lattes.cnpq.br/0933095081175012; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4451104993866570
This work presents an updated bibliographic review on the use of constructive technique in rammed earth, an alternative to those techniques popularized in Brazil, commonly based on the use of concrete, reinforced concrete and, in an incipient moderate way, steel. The choice of alternative materials for construction must be understood by historical, sustainable and economic biases, all of which are related to the mechanical and physical behavior of the material used, its strength and durability. The viability of rammed earth as an alternative constructive technology was analyzed. In a complementary way, a single-family construction model will be developed on a BIM (Building Information Modeling) platform, from which data will be extracted in relation to the amount of materials needed for the execution of the project. Through Brazilian pricing tables (SINAPI, etc.) of direct and indirect costs in national civil construction, an economic analysis was developed that corroborated the choice of one material over the other.
A responsabilização do Estado e a destinação dos recursos do Fundo de Defesa de Direitos Difusos nas ações de reparação dos danos ambientais
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2021-10-15) Zanquim Junior, José Wamberto; Oliveira, Celso Maran de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9911833172043700; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7672611870413427
Anthropogenic actions impact the environment and restoration of damages is essential and inescapable. The in natura repair of environmental damage must always be sought after and, only as a last resource should it be reduced to monetary values. The Term of Commitment to Environmental Recovery aims at a consensual way to lay out the measures to repair the environment, forming an extrajudicial executive title. This reparation finds legal ground in the constitutional and infra-constitutional legislation, assigning solidarity to all offenders, direct or indirect. The Public Power will be jointly liable for damage to the environment. However, when held responsible for omission, will be in a secondary position of accountability. Portuguese international law and United States law provide that, for environmental damage in situations of irreparability, regardless of cause being the non-identification of offenders or failure to adopt sufficient measures for the return of the status quo, the Public Authorities may carry out reparative actions on the degraded environment, keeping the right of return. The situation favors the right to a balanced environment and maintenance of environmental quality over the use of public resources for the reparation. Therefore, the present thesis, in a complementary setup, proposes an amendment to the regulatory decree for the use of pecuniary resources obtained by the Fund for the Defense of Diffuse and Collective Rights regarding the expression “priority” provided for in the Sole Paragraphof art. 7 of Decree 1.306/1994 and its replacement by the expression “exclusively”. Thus, in the field of propositions for the effectiveness of repairs in natura, this thesis serves to suggest the adoption in domestic law, in accordance with international law, of the accountability of Public Power on adoption of environmental reparative actions, as well as suggest amending the infra-constitutional legislation, especially Decree n. 1306/1994 which regulates the use of resources from the FDD. For the scope of research, factual data was obtained from the Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo - CETESB, regarding environmental administrative procedures in which TCRAs in the city of São Carlos - SP. The data is from years 2012 through 2016 and aims to verify effectiveness of the agreements on the degraded environment restoration. It was found that the TCRA was effective in most cases, however, there were degraded areas left without any repair action, justifying the proposal offered by this research. Likewise, the theoretical basis possible through bibliographic review allowed laying down the foundations and all the arguments surrounding the need to promote changes in domestic law for the feasibility of environmental repair in natura in accordance with international legislation. To this end, this research found its guidelines in books, periodicals, scientific articles, theses and dissertations, environmental diagnosis reports and in environmental administrative procedures, making use of the synergistic combination between theoretical elements and factual data extracted from the experienced reality. It can be concluded the environmental agreements are effective and there is need for new instruments for effective environmental repair.
Bandas de predição usando densidade condicional estimada e um modelo LDA com covariáveis
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2021-10-15) Shimizu, Gilson Yuuji; Izbicki, Rafael; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9991192137633896; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7533681983634233
Machine learning methods are divided into two main groups: supervised and unsupervised methods. In the first part of this work, we develop a method for creating prediction bands that can be applied to supervised problems. Our approach is based on conformal methods, which are very appealing because they create prediction bands that control average coverage assuming solely i.i.d. data. It is also often desirable to control conditional coverage, that is, coverage for every new testing point. However, without strong assumptions, conditional coverage is unachievable. Given this limitation, the literature has focused on methods with asymptotical conditional coverage. In order to obtain this property, these methods require strong conditions on the dependence between the target variable and the features. We introduce two conformal methods based on conditional density estimators that do not depend on this type of assumption to obtain asymptotic conditional coverage: Dist-split and CD-split. While Dist-split asymptotically obtains optimal intervals, which are easier to interpret than general regions, CD-split obtains optimal size regions, which are smaller than intervals. CD-split also obtains local coverage by creating prediction bands locally on a partition of the features space. This partition is data-driven and scales to high-dimensional settings. In a wide variety of simulated scenarios, our methods have a better control of conditional coverage and have smaller length than previously proposed methods. In the second part, in a context of unsupervised methods, we develop a new version of the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model. The LDA model is a popular method for creating mixed-membership clusters. Despite having been originally developed for text analysis, LDA has been used for a wide range of other applications. We propose a new formulation for the LDA model which incorporates covariates. In this model, a negative binomial regression is embedded within LDA, enabling straight-forward interpretation of the regression coefficients and the analysis of the quantity of cluster-specific elements in each sampling units (instead of the analysis being focused on modeling the proportion of each cluster, as in Structural Topic Models). We use slice sampling within a Gibbs sampling algorithm to estimate model parameters. We rely on simulations to show how our algorithm is able to successfully retrieve the true parameter values. The model is illustrated using real data sets from three different areas: text-mining of Coronavirus articles, analysis of grocery shopping baskets, and ecology of tree species on Barro Colorado Island (Panama). This model allows the identification of mixed-membership clusters in discrete data and provides inference on the relationship between covariates and the abundance of these clusters.
Comissões Estaduais da Verdade: uma análise comparada
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2021-10-15) Ferrari, Bruna; Ribeiro, Pedro José Floriano; https://lattes.cnpq.br/6336151484882362; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5614895542513659
This research aims to employ a comparative analysis of the process of creation, institutionalization and concrete results of the state truth commissions of São Paulo “Rubens Paiva” (CEV-SP) and Rio de Janeiro (CEV-Rio). The research proposes an analysis based on a historical institutionalist perspective and assesses how deputies, CEV members and members of other public institutions made use of available institutional mechanisms to pressure veto-players and guarantee access to resources and autonomy of both commissions. This research also evaluates the impact of these commissions in each state, measuring the CEVs actions towards concrete results, the relationship between their recommendations, the legislative production in ALESP and ALERJ from 2015-2019, and the assessment of people targeted by the military dictatorship of the work of the commissions. The results show that members from each commission employed different strategies: while CEV-Rio sought to establish alliances of partner institutions, CEV-SP based its work on the support of social movements. This difference in approach led to different results. This research seeks to build on the commissions’ institutionalist approaches and defends the importance of the CEVs for the understanding of the modus operandi of the CNV, as well as the innovations promoted in the transitional justice model adopted in Brazil.
Avaliação de um programa de formação docente sobre inclusão escolar aliando ensino colaborativo e diferenciado
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2021-10-15) Santos, Keisyani da Silva; Mendes, Enicéia Gonçalves; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3897627554738983; https://lattes.cnpq.br/9429520073186592
: Initially the basic premise of Special Education was that its target audience students would benefit from a unique body of knowledge that were intended for them if they studied in small classes and in separate environments, applying specific methodologies. Currently, evidence indicates that the success of school inclusion policies is more related to the changes that benefit all students, that is, universal pedagogical measures aimed at improving the quality of teaching. Two promising proposals evidenced in the literature stand out, because they favor the learning and participation of all students, are: coteaching as a service model that involves the partnership between teachers of common and special education working with the whole class; and, the differentiated teaching theoretical-practical reference for the organization of teaching from the recognition and valorization of diversity. In this context, from change of conception to teacher education is a fundamental element for dissemination of this knowledge and possible impact on the schooling of Special Needs Education. Thus, the present study aimed to develop, implement and evaluate a teacher training program, in service, combining the proposals coteaching and differentiated teaching. Based on the theoretical and methodological assumptions of Collaborative Research, a program was planned, implemented and evaluated for 18 teachers, from a municipal education network in the interior of São Paulo, composing nine pairs of teachers (from common and special education), with the proposal of acting in partnership, in heterogeneous classes that contained at least one PAEE student, of early childhood education or in the early years of elementary school. The study was developed in three stages: I) Development of the Teacher Training Program; II) Implementation of the program, and III) Evaluation of the Program. Data collection took place in all the mentioned stages, held in a face-to-face environment, with monthly meetings in 2018, and in a virtual environment, with activities developed between face-to-face meetings. Data related to face-to-face meetings were collected and recorded through field journals, videos and artifacts produced during the activities by the pairs. The data collected in a virtual environment was recorded and archived in the virtual learning environment itself. The analysis of the collected material was based on the procedures of codification and categorization into thematic axes, having as reference the objectives of the study. The main results showed that there was conceptual evolution of the two proposals by the participants throughout the training, since at the end of the program they demonstrated theoretical appropriation basic concepts and assumptions. The practical activities of: evaluating students, planning and executing classes, incorporating co-teaching and differentiated teaching enabled articulation with theory. The objective of experiencing the proposals of co-teaching and differentiated teaching, together, was achieved only by some pairs, who had more favorable working conditions for their development, especially compatibility of schedule for planning and execution of classes and support of the coordination of the school unit. The pairs that did not have these conditions partially exercised the proposals or did not experience them. In the evaluation of the program, by the participants, the content was considered relevant and feasible for application in the classroom, the other issues were evaluated satisfactorily. The experiences analyzed contribute to the reflection of effective pedagogical practices that contemplate the diversity of students in daily school life and for teacher education. Finally, it is considered that the proposals of co-teaching and differentiated teaching, although independent complement each other, can enhance each other. The program showed potential for theoretical and practical training for teachers.
Levantamento de hortaliças cultivadas em hortas domésticas no município de São Carlos e principais fitopatologias associadas
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2021-10-15) Oliveira, Joanna Laura Massaia de; Souza, Sarah Caroline Ribeiro de; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5432408406468248; https://lattes.cnpq.br/7244927832540041
Vegetables, also known as greens by population, has great importance in nourishment, and due to demand to bring the vegetable garden closer to the consumer, the urban agriculture movement emerged. These gardens take place in available spaces and with accessible materials, such as vases, tires and flowerbeds. This thesis carried out a survey through an online form of the main vegetables cultivated at home in São Carlos, as well as the main diseases and pests associated with them. we investigated the profile of the participants, as well as the main forms of cultivation, possible phytopathologies and methods of home treatment. In the 103 responses was found that the most home-grown vegetables are coriander, parsley and chives, the most observed diseases were of fungal origin and the most observed pest was the aphid. Although the at-home treatments used by the participants were vague for the problems, they were fully or moderately effective. From the results, a brief survey was carried out regarding home treatments for the pathologies and pests found by the participants. Based on the results found, a brief survey of home treatments was carried out for the pathologies found by the participants.