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Eficiência ambiental da agricultura e a transição florestal no Cerrado brasileiro
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-01-23) Simões, Ricardo Muniz; Bragagnolo, Cassiano; https://lattes.cnpq.br/3604206454925741; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9177-3791; https://lattes.cnpq.br/1956548321354022; https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7001-0241
The Cerrado, one of the most biodiverse biomes on the planet, plays a crucial role in maintaining ecosystems and supporting Brazil’s agriculture. However, the continuous expansion of the agricultural frontier has accelerated deforestation, converting vast areas of native vegetation into pastures and croplands. This study analyzes environmental efficiency (EE) and technical efficiency (TE) in agriculture in municipalities of the Brazilian Cerrado in 2017, investigating their main determinants considering the forest transition theory. To achieve this goal, a stochastic production frontier was estimated using municipal data, with deforestation modeled as an environmentally detrimental input. The results indicate an average TE of 85%, while EE is lower, at 81%. A heterogeneous distribution of forest transition stages in the Cerrado was also observed: municipalities in the south are predominantly in the transition between the second and third phases, while the central and northeastern regions remain mostly in the initial stages, suggesting that deforestation in these areas may increase in the future. Among the efficiency determinants analyzed, no-till farming and technical assistance stand out due to their potential to reduce deforestation. Finally, the results highlight the urgency of public policies focused on conserving the Brazilian Cerrado, particularly the expansion of conservation and environmental protection areas.
Uso do jardim sensorial como ferramenta de educação ambiental e inclusão social: uma revisão de literatura
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-01-23) Costa, Beatriz de Oliveira; Neves, Anne Alessandra Cardoso; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5825341428803511; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9422-3699
In the current context, characterized by increasing environmental degradation and the need for accessible and inclusive spaces, sensory gardens emerge as viable alternatives to promote experiential learning, the appreciation of human diversity, and a closer relationship with nature. The main objective of this study is to analyze the use of sensory gardens as a tool for environmental education and social inclusion through a literature review. The research was conducted through a literature review, using a qualitative approach and exploratory nature, consulting databases such as Scielo, Google Scholar, CAPES, and institutional journals. The results highlighted that sensory gardens are designed spaces that utilize multisensory stimuli, such as textures, aromas, sounds, and shapes, fostering environmental education in a practical and participatory way. Furthermore, they stood out as effective tools for social inclusion by respecting the principles of universal design, ensuring accessibility for individuals with different physical and cognitive abilities. The analysis also identified challenges such as lack of financial resources, the need for specific public policies, and the shortage of professional training for the implementation and maintenance of these spaces. It is concluded that sensory gardens have the capacity to promote environmental education and social inclusion, especially when integrated into pedagogical and community practices. However, for these spaces to be widely implemented, it is necessary to overcome structural, technical, and financial challenges through public policies and intersectoral mobilization.
Qualidade sanitária e fisiológica de sementes de milho tratadas com extrato cambuci
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-01-23) Tronco, Vitória de Andrade; Forti, Victor Augusto; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5742976162363922; https://lattes.cnpq.br/8474215692946124
Organic agriculture aims to produce healthy food in harmony with the environment and social security. For organic maize production, seed treatments are essential to maintain physiological and sanitary quality and prevent the spread of relevant phytopathogens in agricultural production fields. The control of these phytopathogens using plant extracts has been studied in the literature. Considering the potential antifungal activity of the secondary compounds produced by plants, the Cambuci (Campomanesia phaea) has this potential, as its leaves and fruits are rich in phenolic compounds, compounds with antifungal properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health and physiological quality of organic maize seeds treated with cambuci extract. Two plant extracts were prepared from different tissues of C. phaea species, fruit peel and leaves, in the following concentrations: 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, and two ways of preparing the tissues, dry (the leaf or peel tissue was dried in an oven with forced air ventilation) and fresh (the peel or leaf tissue was not dried in an oven). The hydroalcoholic solvent extraction of the tissues was placed in a rotary evaporator to obtain a crude aqueous extract (100%) and diluted in water (to obtain concentrations of 25%, 50% and 75%) to be used in the application of the seeds. The seeds were evaluated for sanity by blotter test and for physiological quality by germination, germination speed index (GSI), seedling length, seedling dry matter mass and cold test. Each of the extracts used was evaluated for total phenolic compound content. The dry bark extract showed a higher germination percentage and germination speed index of maize seeds compared to the control, without affecting the biometric variables of the seedlings. The extract of fresh cambuci leaves, in which the highest levels of total phenolic compounds were observed, reduced the percentage of fungi of the genus Fusarium from the 25% concentration onwards. However, the 50% concentration of the fresh leaf extract had a phytotoxic effect on maize seeds, reducing germination by 10.7% compared to the control and the length of the aerial part of the seedlings by 19.46% compared to the control. The 75% concentration of the fresh leaf extract reduced the dry mass of the aerial part of the seedlings by 26.67% compared to the control. The fresh leaf extract at a concentration of 25% represents a promising strategy for treating corn seeds to control associated phytopathogens.
Tolerância a secagem de sementes de cacau: Enzima Superóxido Dismutase como marcador bioquímico
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-01-23) Tronco, Isadora de Andrade; Forti, Victor Augusto; https://lattes.cnpq.br/5742976162363922; https://lattes.cnpq.br/4421791900767533
Cocoa is a recalcitrant species, as its seeds do not suffer natural desiccation after physiological maturity and are dispersed with high water contents in the environment. One of the difficulties in conserving recalcitrant species is their lower tolerance to low temperatures and low water content, as they do not survive long periods of storage. This sensitivity during storage is related to the inefficient response of defense mechanisms to stress conditions. These mechanisms, such as antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), are responsible for removing the free radicals that cause cell death. The aim of this study was to determine the activity of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) as a biochemical marker of drying sensitivity in recalcitrant cocoa seeds (Theobroma cacao L). For this, two batches of cocoa seeds, extracted from mature fruit, were subjected to continuous drying in a forced-air oven at 36 ± 2°C to obtain treatments with different water contents. Drying times were: 0 h, 3 h, 6 h, 9 h, 12 h, 15 h, 18 h, 21 h, 24 h, 27 h, 30 h. The seeds from each treatment were evaluated for water content and physiological potential using the germination test and the tetrazolium test. In addition, the seeds from all the treatments in both batches were subjected to biochemical analysis to assess the activity of the SOD enzyme. There was a reduction in viability as assessed by the germination and tetrazolium tests in both batches as they dried. The critical water content of the seeds was reached at 43.61% water content (batch 1) and 66.04% water content (batch 2). The activity of SOD was different between the batches, however, in batch 2, the decrease in SOD occurred after the seeds reached the critical water content. Therefore, this enzyme can be used as a marker of sensitivity to desiccation for quality lots.