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Segmentação de vasos sanguíneos com poucos dados via transferência de informação de forma
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-10-24)
Galvão, Wesley Nogueira
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Comin, Cesar Henrique
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/9563440403120931
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https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1207-4982
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/3164765403744408
Blood vessel segmentation is an essential task in various areas of biomedicine, such as ophthalmology and neurology. However, this task poses a significant challenge due to the scarcity of large annotated datasets, which consequently makes the manual annotation of new samples for training efficient deep learning models a costly endeavor. Transfer learning techniques have shown promise in overcoming these limitations, allowing the reuse of representations learned in one domain to improve performance in another, even when few examples are available in the target domain. The central hypothesis indicates that leveraging a shape prior of vessel-like forms, such as their tubular and branching characteristics, can lead to more robust and data-efficient models. In this context, this dissertation investigates the transfer of shape representations from a synthetic domain to the segmentation of medical images in a few-shot regime. To this end, we introduce VessShape, a methodology for generating a large-scale synthetic dataset designed to instill a strong shape bias in segmentation models. VessShape images combine procedurally generated tubular geometries with a wide variety of textures, encouraging models to learn shape cues over appearance features. The models pre-trained with VessShape were then fine-tuned and evaluated on two real-world datasets from different domains. The results demonstrate that the approach achieves strong segmentation performance in few-shot scenarios, requiring only a small number of samples for fine-tuning. Additionally, the models demonstrate a significant zero-shot learning capability, proving able to segment vessels in unseen domains without any target-specific training. These results support that pre-training with a strong shape bias constitutes an effective strategy to overcome data scarcity and enhance generalization in blood vessel segmentation.
Estratégias quimiométricas utilizando espectroscopia vibracional e imagens digitais para análise de sal do Himalaia, açúcar mascavo e azeite de dendê
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-10-24)
Melo, Welem de Oliveira Santiago de
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Carneiro, Renato Lajarim
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/8065852319463976
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/4178212934295218
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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9271-8401
Vibrational spectroscopy and digital imaging techniques, when combined with chemometric analysis, are widely applicable in food analysis. The modification of food matrices, whether through derivatization, partitioning, pre-concentration, digestion, drying, or other processes, can help reduce the presence of interfering substances in the samples, thereby improving the analytical performance of vibrational spectroscopy. In this work, 3 applications are proposed: 1) evaluation of commercial Himalayan salt sam-ples using digital imaging, Raman spectroscopy, and pre-extraction of poorly soluble compounds for LIBS analysis; 2) assessment of Raman spectroscopy for detecting adulteration in brown sugar, as well as the potential of FTIR spectroscopy for discriminating samples based on poorly soluble compounds extracted from them; 3) evaluation of commercial palm oil samples by Raman spectroscopy.
“O ontem - o hoje - o agora”: r(existencia) de mulheres negras através da amamentação
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-10-24)
Stofel, Natália Sevilha
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/2447361827796110
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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5928-3477
Microbioma ruminal ativo de Nelore: efeitos da dieta e interações com emissão de metano, eficiência alimentar
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-10-24)
Silva, Juliana Virginio da
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Andrade, Bruno Gabriel Nascimento
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/0951322873579960
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Regitano, Luciana Correia de Almeida
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/9595338480545794
The growing global demand for beef, particularly from production systems in tropical regions, requires innovative strategies that enhance feed efficiency and reduce the environmental impacts of livestock. The ruminal microbiome plays a central role in the digestion of complex carbohydrates and the production of volatile fatty acids, which are the primary energy source for ruminants. In Brazil, the Nelore breed (Bos indicus) and its crossbreeds represent approximately 80% of the national herd. However, functional studies on the ruminal microbiome of this breed are still scarce. Advances in omics technologies now allow the investigation of how diet, the microbiome, and the host genome affect productive and environmental efficiency in beef cattle. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the activity of the ruminal microbiome in a population of 52 Nelore cattle subjected to two distinct diets (conventional and byproducts) and to integrate, in an unprecedented manner, metagenomic, metatranscriptomic, and rumen wall microRNA data. To achieve this, we set the following objectives: Characterize the active functional profile of the ruminal microbiome in response to different diets using metatranscriptomic data; Assess the taxonomic and functional composition of the active ruminal microbiome by integrating metagenomic and metatranscriptomic data; Associate the active microbiome with methane emissions and feed efficiency; Investigate the interaction between the active microbiome and the host genome by integrating rumen wall microRNA expression with functional and taxonomic information of the microbiome. Metatranscriptomic analyses revealed key functional shifts in the rumen microbiome, despite relatively stable taxonomic composition across diets. Dietary components directly influenced microbial metabolism. In the conventional diet group, most expressed functions were associated with the metabolism of readily fermentable carbohydrates such as starch and mannose, present in corn and soybean meal. In contrast, animals receiving the by-product diet exhibited microbial activities linked to the degradation of complex carbohydrates, such as the cellulose found in citrus pulp. Additionally, the inclusion of by-products favored alternative microbial pathways that compete with methanogenesis, such as the reductive acetogenesis pathway (e.g., tetrahydrofolate synthase), which can redirect H₂ and CO₂ toward acetate production. Increased expression of folylpolyglutamate synthase/dihydropteroate synthase was also observed, potentially indicating methionine limitation and reducing the availability of essential substrates for methanogenesis, such as methanofuran and methanopterin. To further deepen our understanding of the rumen microbiome, we constructed a rumen prokaryotic gene catalog that revealed taxonomic and functional differences between the total metagenome (Nelore Ruminal Prokaryotic Microbiome Genes – NRPMG) and its transcriptionally active fraction (active-Nelore Ruminal Prokaryotic Microbiome Genes – aNRPMG). These findings indicate that fermentative processes in the rumen are shaped primarily by the functional activity of microbial communities, rather than their mere presence. We also identified enzymes and taxa associated with methane emissions and feed efficiency. Among them, Carbohydrate Esterase family 20 (CE20), Glycoside Hydrolase family 15 (GH15), and the genera Monoglobus and Halosimplex emerged as potential indicators or modulators of host performance traits. Finally, the analysis of host–microbiome interactions revealed co-expression patterns among rumen wall microRNAs, enzymes, and active microbial genera, suggesting meaningful host–microbiome interplay. These microRNAs may modulate the gene expression of enzymes or microorganisms involved in specific metabolic functions, including lipid metabolism and host health processes. Overall, the findings of this thesis reinforce that the rumen microbiome should be understood not only through its composition but, more importantly, through its functional activity. The integrative approach adopted here highlights how the interplay among microbiome, host, and diet shapes key metabolic processes and underscores microbial and molecular targets with potential to support strategies aimed at mitigating methane emissions and improving feed efficiency in cattle raised in tropical environments.
Apoio à família da pessoa com altas habilidades ou superdotação
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-10-24)
Braz, Paula Paulino
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Rangni, Rosemeire de Araújo
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/6399149504309769
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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8752-9745
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/7708298574440290
Family support for the development of the potential of gifted individuals is recommended; however, disruptions in family dynamics and lack of support can generate conflicts, insecurities, and feelings of disorientation on the part of parents when faced with the emotional, social, and academic demands of their children. The guiding question of this research was: how has support for the families of gifted individuals been provided in different regions of Brazil, according to parents or guardians? The main objective was to understand how support is provided to families for gifted individuals in different regions of Brazil. The specific objectives were to identify the main demands related to the organization of work focused on families, maping the existing support and assistance by Brazilian regions, and develop a guidance manual for supporting the families of gifted individuals. The study was descriptive with a multi-method approach, combining qualitative and quantitative procedures as complementary strategies for data analysis. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire sent to parents or guardians of gifted individuals in all regions of Brazil via social media. Twenty-nine family members participated of the research. The results pointed to a) common challenges faced by families, such as difficulty accessing reliable information about giftedness, lack of institutional support networks, the coordination among educational, health, and social services; b) lack of systematic and intersectoral actions to welcome and guide families which reinforces the need for more effective support strategies; c) most participants had favorable socioeconomic conditions and a good level of education; d) there were discrepancies in the support provided to families in different regions of Brazil; and e) based on the results obtained, a guide was created for the families of gifted individuals which provides guidance for family members and guardians with the aim of contributing to the realization of the educational, social, and emotional rights for gifted individuals and their families. It is hoped that this research will guide actions that enable families to receive the attention they need to welcome their highly skilled or gifted children.
Efeitos dos exercícios físicos no manejo dos sintomas não motores de pessoas com a doença de Parkinson: revisões sistemáticas e ensaio clínico controlado
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-10-24)
Costa, Valton da Silva
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Gianlorenço, Anna Carolyna Lepesteur
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/3861050459671690
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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7334-3835
;
Andrade, Larissa Pires de
This thesis is the result of four years of research within the Graduate Program in Physical Therapy on the topic of the effects of physical exercise in the management of non-motor symptoms (NMS) of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The origin of these symptoms is multisystemic and involves aspects that affect mood, cognition, behavior, sleep, and autonomic and sensory functions. These symptoms, along with classic motor symptoms, negatively impact the quality of life of people with this condition. The objectives of the studies presented in this thesis were to investigate the clinical effects of physical exercise on these symptoms and identify the most effective exercise modalities. Furthermore, to investigate, for the first time, the effects of three types of upper limb (UL) physical exercises (resistance [RES], aerobic [AER], and task-specific training [TET]) and compare them to determine the most effective for NMS. The methodology of this thesis begins with systematic reviews and meta-analyses to achieve a comprehensive and up-to-date literature synthesis. In the experimental design, a randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) was conducted with 37 individuals diagnosed with PD (Hoehn and Yahr stages 1-3). The aim was to compare the effects of different modalities of UL physical exercises, performed over 8 weeks, in relation to a control group receiving usual care without physical exercise. Outcomes were assessed using specific scales of NMS of PD, as well as standardized cognitive and neuropsychiatric assessment instruments. To analyze the RCT data, we adopted robust statistical models to compare the effects of the interventions (mixed-effects models, nonparametric models, and post hoc tests). Meta-analyses results revealed significant clinical effects of physical exercises on general NMS, general and executive cognitive function, depression, anxiety, fatigue, and sleep problems. Some modalities stood out, such as AER exercises for general NMS and depression, and mind-body exercises and RES for depression and anxiety. In the results of the RCT, betweengroup comparisons significantly demonstrated that UL physical exercises equally reduced overall NMS, cognitive dysfunction, and fatigue, though with different effect sizes. We observed that RES exercise was more effective in reducing symptoms of apathy and that TET was more effective in reducing symptoms of anxiety. Furthermore, within-group effects pointed to the clinical impact of RES exercise on general cognitive function, memory, visuospatial ability, depression, anxiety, sleep problems, and hallucinations; and of TET on executive function, depression, and hallucinations. Strengths and limitations of the methodology employed are discussed in this thesis. An important impact of this work is the need to raise awareness among healthcare professionals who care for people with PD about the existence and impact of NMS, as well as the possibility of using physical exercises to treat these symptoms. It is also expected that future clinical guidelines will begin to integrate this body of evidence on the use of physical exercises in the management of NMS, including UL exercises, into their recommendations. In this way, an important health need for people with PD will be met, contributing to improving functionality and health-related quality of life, and reducing the impacts on family members, caregivers, and the health system.
Jornada médica: panorama social e cultural
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-10-26)
Dutra, Jhonatan Vinicius de Sousa
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Estevão, Isabeth da Fonseca
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/2932607007844855
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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8087-3711
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/2192816159816911
Medical education is a complex and multifactorial process, marked by personal, social, and academic challenges. This work presents a reflection on the trajectory of a low-income medical student, highlighting the difficulties faced and overcome through family support, academic dedication, and involvement in extracurricular activities. The active learning methodology, a distinctive feature of the institution, proved fundamental in developing clinical reasoning, ethical-professional preparation, and medical identity. Scientific evidence on mental health, educational methodologies, and socioeconomic impacts were integrated, emphasizing the relevance of resilience, social support, and innovative pedagogical practices in shaping future physicians. The study demonstrates that the construction of professional identity goes beyond the accumulation of technical knowledge, encompassing ethical, emotional, and social dimensions.
Desenvolvimento pessoal e acadêmico no ciclo básico durante a pandemia
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-10-27)
Zambrana, Giovana Melo Chavez
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Del Ciampo, Ieda Regina Lopes
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/6099153790836529
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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7862-0221
Introduction: This work presents a reflective autobiographical narrative about the personal and academic development of a medical student from the Federal University of São Carlos during the pre-clinical years, amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The text discusses the course methodology, the transition to remote learning, adaptation to the Emergency Remote Teaching (ENPE) format, the role of facilitators in the learning process, and the challenges of integrating theory and practice during the suspension of in-person activities. Objectives: To explore the developmental experiences of a medical student in the early years of the program, shaped by the COVID-19 pandemic, remote learning, and social isolation. Methods: The methodology consisted of the construction of self-authored narratives based on reflective portfolios developed during the pre-clinical years, combined with a literature review about active learning, the Constructivist Spiral, the COVID-19 pandemic, and medical education. Conclusion: In summary, despite the measures adopted by the program during social isolation, several learning setbacks were observed, especially in real-life settings and practical skills. However, the text also highlights the development of autonomy, resilience, and critical thinking in response to the challenges imposed by the pandemic context.
Entre desafios e conquistas: uma reflexão sobre a trajetória acadêmica no curso de medicina da UFSCar
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-10-27)
Santos, Gabriel Giroldo dos
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Mattos, Augustus Tadeu Relo de
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/2647316578139332
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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0514-3575
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/7691840771756981
This paper presents a reflective analysis of the academic journey throughout the Medical School at the Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar). The text is organized into three axes corresponding to the course cycles: Basic Cycle, Clinical Cycle, and Internship. It discusses the main challenges faced, practical experiences, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on my education, and the lessons that contributed to both personal and professional growth over six years of training. The work emphasizes not only the development of technical skills but also the humanistic training and emotional maturity that characterize medical practice.
Minha trajetória na medicina UFSCar: uma narrativa crítico-reflexiva
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-10-28)
Moreira, Ítalo de Oliveira
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Nasser, Michel
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/1629054550833348
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https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3087-9784
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/4169460922816446
This thesis aims to present a critical-reflective narrative of my medical education in a program based on the active learning methodology of the Constructivist Spiral and Problem-Based Learning (PBL). Through the account of my academic journey, the work seeks to analyze how active methodologies influenced knowledge construction, skills development, and the consolidation of medical identity, especially in the context of the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Personal experiences are articulated with theoretical frameworks in medical education, showing that the Constructivist Spiral fosters integration between theory and practice, enhances student autonomy, and promotes a critical, ethical, and socially committed medical training.
O ensino, pesquisa, extensão e permanência como pilares no curso de medicina: uma narrativa reflexiva
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-10-28)
Carvalho, Carlos Henrique Araujo de
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Valete, Cristina Ortiz Sobrinho
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/3246791895201559
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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6925-4346
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/4375133732966616
This is a history of the journey of a quota student in an elite medical program at a federal educational institution who faced several setbacks during his undergraduate studies, the most aggravating of which was his student retention. However, it is also a beautiful journey that permeates personal, professional, and scientific growth, interspersed with experiences that touch on important issues such as mental health and belonging. The appreciation of small acts is evident throughout the growth and difficulties experienced. Insecurities are addressed in a relaxed yet reflective manner, leading the reader to consider, if possible, their privileges and classes that go beyond those typically found within medicine.
Effect of cycling conditions on hydride stability of the Ti11Nb61Cr28 alloy
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-10-28)
Dias, Gabriela Chimello Mayer
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Silva, Bruno Hessel
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Botta, Walter José
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Zepon, Guilherme
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/7085380229734116
Mensuração da empatia no cuidado neonatal
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-10-28)
Pilati, Maria Clara Alves
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Valete, Cristina Ortiz Sobrinho
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/3246791895201559
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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6925-4346
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/4599864083310220
This is a Final Course Work (TCC) with two components: a research project and a reflection on my medical school career. The objective of the study was to analyze the construct of clinical empathy in healthcare professionals working with low-risk neonatal patients. This cross-sectional study used the Jefferson Empathy Scale, Healthcare Professionals version, administered to 67 healthcare professionals in a maternity hospital in the interior of São Paulo state, from September to December 2023. Factor analysis with Varimax rotation was performed. The median empathy score was 116. Four factors were included: understanding patients' minds and body language, emotion and art, humor and empathy, and emotional bonds. No variables from the "putting patients' shoes" domain were included. Thirty-seven (55.2%) professionals reported not being influenced by strong personal bonds with patients and their families. The conclusion is that the ability to put newborns' shoes, and be influenced by strong personal bonds can improve.
Navegando a medicina com uma mente atípica: um estudo de caso autoetnográfico sobre os desafios do TDAH na graduação médica da UFSCar
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-10-28)
Oliveira, Vinícius Mesquita de
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Moraes, Luis Henrique Oliveira de
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/1764895833159036
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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3728-2131
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Contini, Andréa Aparecida
This undergraduate thesis is a critical-reflective narrative, prepared in accordance with the guidelines of the Pedagogical Policy Project of the medical program at the Federal University of São Carlos. It aims to present the trajectory and experiences of this student-author during the undergraduate medical course. The narrative is structured as an autoethnography, exposing, from the student's perspective and experience, the learning challenges of a student with a late diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in the medical program at the Federal University of São Carlos. Within the scope of this work, a discussion on neurodivergence is essential, given the significant social and pedagogical challenges we face with the population segment referred to as neurodivergent.
Educação em tempos revolucionários: o Narkompros e a organização da educação soviética (1917-1931)
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-10-28)
Silva, Diego Becker da
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Martins, Marcos Francisco
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/4515924584428591
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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8220-2030
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/7332374112951068
This thesis aims to analyze the historical formation of the People's Commissariat for Education (Narkompros) and its central proposal: the Unified Labor School. Understanding education as a constitutive element of socialist construction after the Russian Revolution of 1917, the study seeks to understand how Narkompros organized and implemented a Marxist-based educational reform in the Soviet context. The thesis outlines a timeframe between 1917-1931: the initial structuring period of the United Labor School and the first educational reform under Stalin's government, inserted within the Five-Year Plans. The work also identifies the main inspirational sources of the Soviet pedagogical proposal, such as Marxist socialist pedagogy, and critically engages with the approaches of the new school. The analysis shows that the United Labor School was structured as a project that articulated scientific content, productive labor, self-management, and social relevance, aiming at the comprehensive formation of the human being. As a result, the thesis demonstrates that the United Labor School was not merely an abstract theoretical formulation but a concrete representation of the socialist education proposal, shaped by the historical conditions of the revolution and the permanent state of exception experienced by the Soviet Union. In this sense, it mobilizes Lefebvre's (2006) concept of representation to understand the school as a conceived, lived, and perceived space, and Losurdo's (2004) notion of the state of exception to contextualize the structural limits of the Soviet experience. It concludes that Narkompros's educational proposal expresses the historical attempt to establish a school committed to human emancipation, in opposition to the assumptions of bourgeois education.
Satisfação e padrão de sangramento de mulheres férteis em situação de vulnerabilidade usuárias do implante de etonogestrel e uma reflexão sobre a importância da iniciação científica na formação médica de uma estudante de medicina
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-10-29)
Petrocheli, Bruna Beatriz
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Nasser, Michel
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/1629054550833348
;
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3087-9784
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/3083360352564648
In a context where more than half of pregnancies in Brazil are unplanned—a recognized public health issue—and considering that women in situations of vulnerability are more susceptible to the negative impacts of such events, the adoption of contraceptive methods that align with the realities of this group is an important strategy to prevent further increases in these numbers and to mitigate the complications of a potential high-risk pregnancy. This project aims to evaluate the satisfaction level and bleeding patterns among users of the etonogestrel implant in a municipality in the interior of São Paulo state. The study has an observational, cross sectional, descriptive/quantitative design and targets women of reproductive age in vulnerable situations who have been using the method for at least three months. The most prevalent age group was 26–35 years (39.6%), and the majority of participants self-identified as mixed race or white (93%). Most women had previously used some form of contraception (79%), with combined oral contraceptives and the quarterly injectable being the most common. Satisfaction with the method was considered high (64.9% reported being very satisfied), with the main positive aspects being its efficacy (71.9%) and convenience (64.9%). Bleeding patterns between 3 and 6 months of use were predominantly unfavorable (57.2%), but tended to improve to a favorable pattern (77.8%) after 12 months. Thus, the etonogestrel implant proved to be a well-accepted contraceptive method with notable advantages among women in vulnerable situations, reinforcing the importance of its availability for this population and the need to expand access to it as a contraceptive option within the public healthcare system.
Projeto de rede de transporte público urbano: uma abordagem baseada em otimização multiobjetivo da infraestrutura prioritária e eletrificação de frota de ônibus
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-10-29)
Borchers, Tatiane
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Fernandes, Ricardo Augusto Souza
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/0880243208789454
;
https://lattes.cnpq.br/5093971220777490
;
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0186-6661
In the context of the climate emergency, where cities have a significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions, the transport sector is one of the main contributors to both emissions and the depletion of non-renewable resources. This thesis presents an analysis of the impact of integrating sustainability strategies into bus public transport systems to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate matter (PM), and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. The modelling approach considered the perspectives of passengers, operators, and the community within the transport planning process, while simultaneously addressing environmental, economic, and social sustainability aspects. A multi-objective optimisation model was developed for the Urban Transport Network Design Problem, whose decision variables were the implementation of exclusive bus lanes and the electrification of bus fleets. The objective functions aimed to minimise the construction, acquisition, maintenance, and operation costs, as well as the construction and operational emissions of a bus public transport system. The European Environment Agency's model was used for the emission modelling formulation; it takes into account the technology and category of the vehicles and their operating speed, the latter being a linking parameter between the two decision variables. To solve the mathematical model, the metaheuristic NSGA-II (Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II) was employed, which was applied to the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The case study was defined based on a qualitative analysis of principles and an investigation of the availability of open data in Brazilian state capitals. The results indicated that the strategies proposed are capable of improving the quality of public transport systems by reducing CO2, PM and NOx emissions. The scenario analysis demonstrated that when the measures were applied jointly, using overnight and opportunity charging during the day, the costs, although high, yielded greater environmental and social benefits for passengers and the community, with reductions in operational emissions compared to the baseline scenario of approximately 39.1 to 57.8% for CO₂, 92.9 to 94.9% for PM, and 86.3 to 90.5% for NOx. As contributions, this thesis sought to overcome the gap between mathematical complexity and application complexity by using an emission model dependent on bus technology, category, and operating speed, and by applying it to a large-scale network.
Multi-pathology segmentation in lumbar spine MRI: a comparative deep learning approach
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-10-29)
Leite Junior, Claudio Luiz
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Almeida Junior, Jurandy Gomes de
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/4495269939725770
;
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4998-6996
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/8623721713277640
Low back pain is a leading cause of disability worldwide, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the lumbar spine is fundamental for its diagnosis. However, the manual analysis of these images is a time-consuming and subjective process, and existing computational methods are often limited to a single pathology or rely on complex, multi-stage pipelines. A central challenge, not yet fully addressed, is the simultaneous occurrence of multiple pathologies in the same anatomical structure—a common clinical scenario that current models fail to model effectively. This dissertation addresses this gap by proposing and validating a robust methodology for the automated segmentation of multiple co-existing pathologies in lumbar intervertebral discs. The work was structured in two complementary phases. The first established the methodological underpinnings of this research. It consisted of a rigorous empirical study evaluating five deep learning architectures and four loss functions to determine the most effective approaches for the fundamental task of segmenting the vertebrae and intervertebral discs. This step ensured that the subsequent investigation into pathologies was built upon a robust and validated base. The second phase, the main contribution of this work, systematically investigated three distinct strategies for multi-pathology segmentation: (i) binary class segmentation, a baseline that treats each pathology independently; (ii) multi-class segmentation, mapping 70 disease combinations to unique classes (non-overlapping masks); and (iii) multi-label segmentation, which uses binary channels to explicitly model the coexistence of multiple diagnoses (overlapping masks). Our results, derived from over 200 training pipelines, demonstrate that the multi-label approach, especially when implemented with the V-Net and Swin UNETR architectures, achieves diagnostic accuracy comparable to the baseline while offering significantly superior computational efficiency. By developing a unified framework that integrates the precise spatial localization of symptomatic areas with the classification of multiple concurrent diseases, this work establishes a practical and efficient guideline for future research and clinical applications in the automated diagnosis of spinal pathologies.
Hipotermia moderada como estratégia para aumentar a criotolerância do embrião bovino produzido in vitro
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-10-29)
Chiaratti, Marcos Roberto
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/0392078007500289
Estratégias de operacionalização de uma linha de cuidado para pessoas em uso de substâncias psicoativas no contexto da rede de atenção psicossocial
(Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2025-10-30)
Paula, Francisca Mechi Ribeiro dos Santos de
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Fioroni, Luciana Nogueira
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/8086810053892035
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https://lattes.cnpq.br/3123076889155958
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Hasse, Mariana
This dialogical and interpretative study aimed to collectively construct strategies for the operationalization of a care pathway for people with harmful use of psychoactive substances. The research was conducted in a health region of the state of São Paulo, composed of six small municipalities (up to 70,000 inhabitants). It was developed in three stages: (i) data collection from the National Registry of Health Establishments and the Demographic Census to map the Psychosocial Care Network (RAPS) facilities and population by municipality; (ii) exploratory interviews with the Regional Health Department and local managers, carried out through an electronic form in five municipalities; (iii) six workshops with 17 professionals from the Unified Health System (SUS), including representatives from the Regional Health Department and participating municipalities, using elements of strategic health planning with a dialogical and reflective approach, in hybrid format (in-person and remote). Data were recorded manually, through audio recordings and photographic records, forming unique field diaries. The analysis of the first stage enabled the description and mapping of the local care network, while the analysis of interviews and workshops focused on two main axes: the group process developed in the workshops and the final product, represented by the agreed proposal of operational strategies for the care pathway targeting people with harmful use of psychoactive substances. The proposed care pathway considered the Psychosocial Care Model, the Harm Reduction approach, and especially the specificities of the municipalities, in which primary care (with multiprofessional teams) predominates, and 4 out of 6 municipalities only have CAPS I services. These factors posed challenges to structuring a singularized care pathway. The results highlighted the articulation between technical-scientific knowledge and collective production as a strategy to strengthen the intermunicipal network, in addition to incorporating best evidence in mental health related to management, training, and care in this context. Scenarios of institutional and structural violence reproduction were also identified, as well as weaknesses in psychosocial and interprofessional care, alongside the predominance of practices centered on medicalization and institutionalization through hospitalization—factors that reinforce user marginalization and vulnerability. As the final product of the workshops, a singularized proposal for the operationalization of the psychoactive substances care pathway was agreed upon, collectively constructed and oriented to the regional reality of small municipalities, culminating in the elaboration of two technical manuals with guidelines for its implementation. It can be concluded that the critical success factors lie in the collective and dialogical strategy for planning a singularized care pathway, in articulating care management with continuing education, in ensuring the technical-scientific validity of practices, and in assuming an emancipatory ethical-political guideline.