Impressão 3D para fins de reparo ósseo: uma revisão da literatura

Abstract

Bone fractures are a common condition that can affect people of all ages, often caused by trauma such as falls or accidents, or by diseases. The bone healing process is highly regulated, involving cells and growth factors. Poor fracture recovery can lead to consequences such as inadequate bone calluses and nonunion. Current treatments include immobilization, bone grafts, and surgical interventions. However, new therapies are being developed to improve clinical outcomes and patients' quality of life. Recently, three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has been studied for the development of biomimetic structures that promote tissue repair. This narrative review aimed to investigate the current uses of three-dimensional (3D) technology in medicine, regarding the development and applicability of biomaterials for the production of scaffolds in in vitro and in vivo bone repair. This literature review was conducted through searches in the SciELO virtual library and the Science Direct and PubMed databases, selecting articles published in the last 5 years. The keywords used were: "three-dimensional printing," "bio-printing," "regenerative medicine," "tissue engineering," and their equivalents in Portuguese. Biomaterials play a crucial role in 3D printing for bone repair. Among them, titanium is widely used due to its biocompatibility and strength. Hydrogels are another important category, offering a structure similar to the extracellular matrix and facilitating bone regeneration. Additionally, bio-silica, derived from natural sources, stands out due to its bioactive properties and ability to promote bone mineralization. These biomaterials are essential for 3D printing of customized implants, offering promising solutions for bone repair and the development of new regenerative therapies.We believe that in the future, 3D printing technology-printed scaffolds may replace conventional treatments and are expected to become more commercially attractive, thus more accessible to the public.