Introdução ao estudo dos buracos negros na relatividade geral

Abstract

This monograph arose from the author's interest in understanding one of the most exotic objects of study in Physics: black holes. With this in mind, this work aimed to introduce the study of black holes in the context of general relativity and semiclassical gravitation, through the concept of Hawking radiation. In the document several fundamental concepts of general relativity are discussed: its physical motivation, Einstein's field equations and the equations of motion of test particles. Some concepts of the theory of causality are also discussed, as Kruskal-Szekeres space-time analysis, the formal definition of a black hole, Schwarzschild space-time and the Kerr space-time, with the exact solution of the Schwarzschild orbital equation being presented as an important by-product. The formal analogy between the dynamic laws of black holes and the laws of classical thermodynamics is presented, and Hawking radiation in a Schwarzschild black hole is studied as a transition from the classical to the semiclassical approach.