Biomarcadores bioquímicos em anuros expostos ao glifosato: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract

Glyphosate, one of the most widely used herbicides in the world, is capable of generating lethal and sublethal effects on several types of organisms, especially in anurans that, during their development, move between the aquatic and terrestrial environments. Amphibians are organisms vulnerable to extinction due to deforestation and habitat loss, diseases, climate change, and high sensitivity to xenobiotics found in the environment, such as pesticides, for example. Therefore, it is essential to understand the development of studies in the area of herbicides and gaps that have not yet been filled. In this review, four databases were used to search for articles that dealt with biochemical biomarkers in anurans exposed to glyphosate. Twenty-five articles published between 2007 and 2023 were found, distributed in six countries, with the largest number being Brazil and Argentina, which is due to the large community of study groups in ecotoxicology, as well as the high consumption of glyphosate. Although the search consisted of amphibians, only studies with anurans were found, whose most used species were Rhinella arenarum, Aquarana catesbeiana and Xenopus laevis. In addition, 48% of the studies used enzymatic pathways to evaluate oxidative stress and neurotoxicity, followed by analyses in the liver (24%) and metabolism (16%). Regarding the life stage of the anurans evaluated, 92% of the studies used tadpoles and only 8% investigated adults. All studies reported oxidative stress and enzymatic alterations related to the exposure of amphibians to glyphosate alone or in mixture with other pesticides, demonstrating its capacity to compromise fundamental processes ranging from birth to reproduction of these individuals. However, the number of studies is still insufficient, as it is necessary to find an economically and environmentally effective solution to the unbridled use of glyphosate. Therefore, this review demonstrates the need to carry out further studies related to biochemical biomarkers and effects of glyphosate in amphibians.