Avaliação do potencial do etanol e seus derivados para descarbonização dos setores Hard-to-Abate

Abstract

The contemporary global context reflects an imperative shift in the energy paradigm, as environmental, social, and economic issues converge toward the need for an increasingly sustainable and resilient approach. The transition to energy sources with lower environmental impact and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions emerge as urgent imperatives, driving the search for renewable and low-carbon solutions. In this dynamic context, ethanol and its derivatives play a multifaceted and strategic role in the global energy transition. Beyond its direct contribution to carbon emission mitigation, ethanol is a key player in the production of various renewable products, promoting a significant shift in the chemical industry and other sectors dependent on fossil-based inputs. The scope of this study aimed to provide an in-depth and comprehensive analysis of the role of ethanol in this transforming landscape. From its integration into the global energy matrix, through the positive environmental impacts resulting from its adoption, to the strategic opportunities in the mobility and industrial sectors, the study sought to elucidate the challenges and potentials associated with the use of ethanol as a driver of a more sustainable economy. Several ethanol-derived products and processes were examined and discussed in detail, ranging from advanced biofuels for aviation and maritime transportation to the production of a wide range of renewable chemicals. The critical and evidence-based analysis of these products and processes was conducted not only from the perspective of technical and economic feasibility but also considering their potential for emission reductions across the entire production chain, as well as their ability to promote environmental sustainability. Discussions included the feasibility of biometanol, e-methanol, and ATJ (Alcohol-to-Jet) production pathways in the context of decarbonizing the chemical, aviation, and maritime sectors. The analysis revealed that the production of biometanol and e-methanol appears promising, showing flexibility and economic viability due to the growing demand for emission reduction solutions. The production of biometanol via biogas steam reforming was highlighted as a favorable approach, especially in Brazil, where sugarcane can be used to maximize circularity and energy efficiency, although operational and purification challenges need to be addressed. Additionally, the hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol was considered technically mature but faces significant economic barriers. The ATJ route stood out for its flexibility in using different alcohols, but it faces limitations in selectivity and efficiency, revealing the need for further research and development. The maritime sector analysis suggested that, although methanol holds potential, challenges related to energy density and production costs still need to be overcome. In conclusion, the study highlighted the relevance of ethanol and its derivatives as essential drivers in the transition to a more sustainable energy matrix. The study emphasized the need for collaborative efforts between governments, industry, and society to tackle decarbonization challenges, ensuring the maximization of opportunities associated with the use of biofuels. Chemical engineering plays a vital role in optimizing production processes and maximizing the environmental and economic benefits of this sugarcane energy ecosystem. Thus, the integration of technical-scientific knowledge with robust public policies is essential for ethanol to effectively contribute to a more renewable and sustainable energy future.