Um guia inicial para a eletrossíntese orgânica e seus conceitos básicos

Abstract

With the growth of industrial activities, in the 1940s, the debate and awareness about ecological issues began to emerge. In response, organizations started to alter their traditional production methodologies, adopting more sustainable processes. In 1998, the 12 principles of green chemistry were defined, aiming to promote ecologically beneficial practices at all stages of chemical production. Enabling technologies, such as continuous flow reactions, photochemical reactions, and electrosynthetic approaches, have played a crucial role in improving processes and the sustainability of industries, especially in the pharmaceutical industry. These technologies offer safer and more economical alternatives to produce Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs). Electrochemistry, operating through the controlled addition or removal of electrons, provides efficiency and allows the use of renewable energy sources. The history of organic electrosynthesis dates to 1799 with Alessandro Volta's creation of the voltaic pile. Since then, electrosynthesis has evolved significantly, with notable advances in methodologies, analytical techniques, and applications. In the current scenario, organic electrosynthesis continues to develop with the introduction of technologies and setups like ElectraSyn 2.0, which has been used in organic reactions. Recent examples of electrosynthetic methodologies include palladium-catalyzed methylation and acylation, synthesis of copper acetylenides, Birch electrochemical reduction, and olefin oxidation mediated by chloride, among others. The continuous evolution of organic electrosynthesis promises to further enhance the efficiency and sustainability of chemical processes, offering innovative solutions to future environmental and industrial challenges